{"id":1474,"date":"2018-10-08T15:42:55","date_gmt":"2018-10-08T11:42:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/yusif.az\/main\/?p=1474"},"modified":"2018-10-08T15:55:33","modified_gmt":"2018-10-08T11:55:33","slug":"s%c9%99b%c9%99k%c9%99-texnologiyalari-kabell%c9%99r-s%c9%99b%c9%99k%c9%99-topologiyasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yusif.az\/main\/?p=1474","title":{"rendered":"\u015e\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 Texnologiyalar\u0131.Kabell\u0259r, \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 topologiyas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

\u015e\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 Texnologiyalar\u0131 Haqq\u0131nda<\/strong><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

SI modelind\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131\u00a0\u0259laq\u0259 vasit\u0259l\u0259ri 7 s\u0259viyy\u0259y\u0259 b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr.<\/strong><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fiziki s\u0259viyy\u0259 (Physical layer)<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kanal s\u0259viyy\u0259si (Data Link)<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u015e\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259si (Network Layer)<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 N\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259si (Transport Layer)<\/p>\n

5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Seans s\u0259viyy\u0259si (Session Layer)<\/p>\n

6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u0259qdimetm\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259si (Presentation Layer)<\/p>\n

7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u0259tbiqi s\u0259viyy\u0259 (Application Layer)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Bu s\u0259viyy\u0259l\u0259rin h\u0259r birind\u0259 x\u00fcsusi\u00a0protokol\u00a0adlanan standartlardan istifad\u0259 olunur. Protokol\u00a0dedikd\u0259, eyni s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 informasiya m\u00fcbadil\u0259sinin idar\u0259 olunmas\u0131 qaydas\u0131 ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcr. Protokol \u0259g\u0259r \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 kompyuterl\u0259rinin aparat \u0259laq\u0259sini t\u0259yin edirs\u0259, bel\u0259 protokola aparat protokolu deyilir, \u0259g\u0259r protokol proqram v\u0259 veril\u0259nl\u0259rin qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259sini t\u0259yin ed\u0259rs\u0259, bel\u0259 protokola proqram protokolu deyilir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

I.\u00a0Fiziki s\u0259viyy\u0259\u00a0fiziki \u0259laq\u0259 kanal\u0131nda informasiyan\u0131n (bitl\u0259rin) \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si il\u0259 xarakteriz\u0259 olunur. Fiziki \u0259laq\u0259 kanal\u0131\u00a0kimi koaksialkabel, burulmu\u015f c\u00fctl\u0259r, optik-lifli kabel v\u0259 s. n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulur. Bu s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 elektrik siqnallar\u0131n\u0131n, m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n g\u0259rginlik v\u0259 ya c\u0259r\u0259yan\u0131n \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259 siqnallar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0259viyy\u0259si, kodla\u015fd\u0131rma tipi, siqnallar\u0131n \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259 s\u00fcr\u0259ti v\u0259 s. t\u0259yin edilir.<\/p>\n

II.\u00a0Kanal s\u0259viyy\u0259sinin\u00a0funksiyas\u0131 rabit\u0259 kanal\u0131nda giri\u015f-\u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f informasiyas\u0131n\u0131n idar\u0259sind\u0259n ibar\u0259tdir. Bu s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259 m\u00fchiti, s\u0259hvl\u0259r t\u0259yin edilir v\u0259 s\u0259hvl\u0259rin d\u00fcz\u0259li\u015fi yoxlan\u0131l\u0131r. Bunun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn informasiya bitl\u0259ri\u00a0kadrlarda (frame) qrupla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Kanal s\u0259viyy\u0259si h\u0259r bir kadr\u0131n d\u00fczg\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fc t\u0259yin edir. Kadrlar\u0131n yoxlay\u0131c\u0131 c\u0259mini hesablayaraq onu h\u0259r bir kadr\u0131n sonuna \u0259lav\u0259 edir. Q\u0259buledicid\u0259 yoxlay\u0131c\u0131\u00a0c\u0259m hesablan\u0131r. Onlar eyni olduqda informasiya q\u0259bul edilir. S\u0259hvl\u0259r t\u0259yin edildikd\u0259 is\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcrm\u0259 t\u0259krar icra olunur.<\/p>\n

III.\u00a0\u015e\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259si\u00a0bir nec\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259ni birl\u0259\u015fdir\u0259n vahid n\u0259qliyyat sisteminin yarad\u0131lmas\u0131na xidm\u0259t edir. \u015e\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259si x\u0259b\u0259rl\u0259rin \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259sind\u0259 d\u00fczg\u00fcn istiqam\u0259tin se\u00e7ilm\u0259sini t\u0259min edir. \u015e\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259r \u00f6z aralar\u0131nda\u00a0mar\u015frutizator\u00a0(roter) adlanan x\u00fcsusi qur\u011fu vasit\u0259si il\u0259 birl\u0259\u015fdirilir. Mar\u015frutizator \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259r aras\u0131\u00a0\u0259laq\u0259l\u0259rin topologiyas\u0131\u00a0haqq\u0131nda informasiyan\u0131 y\u0131\u011faraq onun \u0259sas\u0131nda paketl\u0259ri t\u0259yin olunmu\u015f \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259y\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259rir. Bu zaman h\u0259r d\u0259f\u0259 m\u00fcvafiq mar\u015frut se\u00e7ilir. T\u0259yin olunmu\u015f d\u00fcy\u00fcn n\u00f6qt\u0259sinin eynil\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259d\u0259di IP-\u00fcnvan\u0131ndan istifad\u0259 edilir. Bu s\u0259viyy\u0259nin \u0259sas protokolu\u00a0IP\u00a0(Internet Protocol)\u00a0– \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 protokoludur. Bu protokol \u00fcnvanlar\u0131n format\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259nin mar\u015frutunu m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edir.<\/p>\n

Bel\u0259likl\u0259,\u00a0\u00fcmumi mar\u015frut paketl\u0259rin ke\u00e7diyi mar\u015frutizatorlar\u0131n ard\u0131c\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ibar\u0259t olur. Daha optimal yolun se\u00e7ilm\u0259simar\u015frutla\u015fd\u0131rma\u00a0adlan\u0131r v\u0259 onun h\u0259lli \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259sinin \u0259sas m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n biridir.\u015e\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259sind\u0259 x\u0259b\u0259r\u00a0paket\u00a0adlan\u0131r. Bu zaman q\u0259bul ed\u0259nin \u00fcnvan\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0b\u00f6y\u00fck hiss\u0259si \u2013 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259nin n\u00f6mr\u0259si v\u0259 h\u0259min \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259d\u0259ki qov\u015fa\u011f\u0131n n\u00f6mr\u0259sind\u0259n\u00a0ibar\u0259t olur. Eyni \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259nin b\u00fct\u00fcn qov\u015faqlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcnvanlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6y\u00fck hiss\u0259si eyni olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

IV.\u00a0N\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259si\u00a0t\u0259tbiqi v\u0259 seans s\u0259viyy\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 veril\u0259nl\u0259rin t\u0259l\u0259b olunan etibarl\u0131\u00a0d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259sini t\u0259min edir. Bu m\u0259qs\u0259dl\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 proqram t\u0259minat\u0131n\u0131n n\u0259qliyyat obyektl\u0259ri \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u0259n obyektd\u0259ki m\u0259lumatlar\u0131 paketl\u0259\u015fdirir v\u0259 q\u0259buledici obyektd\u0259 h\u0259min paketl\u0259rd\u0259n m\u0259lumat\u0131 \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131r. Bundan \u0259lav\u0259 n\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259si m\u00fcxt\u0259lif \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259l\u0259rini uy\u011funla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131r.\u00a0Bu s\u0259viyy\u0259nin \u0259sas protokolu\u00a0TCP\u00a0(Transmission Control Protocol) \u2013 \u00f6t\u00fcrm\u0259l\u0259rin idar\u0259 protokoludur.<\/p>\n

V.\u00a0Seans s\u0259viyy\u0259si\u00a0\u2013 dialoqun idar\u0259 edilm\u0259sini t\u0259min edir, cari anda aktiv t\u0259r\u0259fi qeyd edir, sinxronla\u015fd\u0131rma vasit\u0259l\u0259rini t\u0259qdim edir. Bu s\u0259viyy\u0259nin funksiyas\u0131\u00a0t\u0259tbiqi s\u0259viyy\u0259 il\u0259 birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015fdir. Rabit\u0259 seans\u0131 t\u0259\u015fkil olunduqda dig\u0259r obyekt\u0259 daxil olmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 obyektin s\u0259lahiyy\u0259ti yoxlan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu s\u0259viyy\u0259 bir ne\u00e7\u0259 xidm\u0259t sinifl\u0259rin\u0259 (A, B, C v\u0259 D) malikdir.<\/p>\n

VI.\u00a0T\u0259qdimetm\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259si\u00a0\u2013 informasiyan\u0131n m\u0259zmununu d\u0259yi\u015fdirm\u0259d\u0259n onun t\u0259svir olunma formas\u0131n\u0131\u00a0t\u0259yin edir. Bu s\u0259viyy\u0259nin vasit\u0259si il\u0259 bir sistemin t\u0259tbiqi s\u0259viyy\u0259sind\u0259n dig\u0259r sistemin t\u0259tbiqi s\u0259viyy\u0259sin\u0259 informasiyan\u0131n t\u0259qdim edilm\u0259si ayd\u0131n formada olur. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, t\u0259qdimetm\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259si veril\u0259nl\u0259rin m\u00fcbadil\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn eyni sintaksis se\u00e7ir. T\u0259qdimetm\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259si t\u0259tbiqi s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 olan obyektl\u0259r\u0259 (istifad\u0259\u00e7i v\u0259 proqramlar) \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u0259n informasiyan\u0131n \u00e7evrilm\u0259 (\u015fifrl\u0259m\u0259k, s\u0131xmaq, \u015fifri a\u00e7maq) \u00fcsullar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6st\u0259rir.<\/p>\n

VII.\u00a0T\u0259tbiqi s\u0259viyy\u0259\u00a0\u2013 bu s\u0259viyy\u0259y\u0259 istifad\u0259\u00e7inin fayllara, printerl\u0259r\u0259, hiperm\u0259tnli Web s\u0259hif\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 v\u0259 s. m\u00fcraci\u0259tini t\u0259min ed\u0259n protokollar aid edilir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Kompyuter \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rinin t\u0259snifat\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fcxt\u0259lif \u0259lam\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n istifad\u0259 olunur.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u015e\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rin iki \u0259sas kateqoriyas\u0131 m\u00f6vcuddur \u2013 lokal v\u0259 qlobal \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259r. Onlar aras\u0131ndak\u0131 f\u0259rq sad\u0259dir: lokal \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259r bir-biri il\u0259 yax\u0131n m\u0259saf\u0259d\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n qur\u011fular\u0131n qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259sinin t\u0259\u015fkili \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn, qlobal \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259r is\u0259 co\u011frafi olaraq paylanm\u0131\u015f kompyuter v\u0259 ya lokal \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rin qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259sinin t\u0259\u015fkili \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istifad\u0259 olunurlar. Bir-birin\u0259 yax\u0131n m\u0259saf\u0259d\u0259 (bir v\u0259 ya bir ne\u00e7\u0259 binada) yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n kompyuterl\u0259rin x\u00fcsusi kabell\u0259rin v\u0259 idar\u0259edici proqramlar\u0131n k\u00f6m\u0259yi il\u0259 birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259si\u00a0lokal \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259\u00a0adlan\u0131r (LAN \u2013 Local Area Network). \u00dcmumi \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259y\u0259 bir-birind\u0259n kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r uzaq m\u0259saf\u0259d\u0259 \u2013 bir v\u0259 ya bir ne\u00e7\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259 \u0259razisind\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n kompyuterl\u0259r v\u0259 ya lokal \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259r birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259y\u0259\u00a0paylanm\u0131\u015f \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259\u00a0deyilir. \u00dcmumd\u00fcnya miqyasl\u0131 paylanm\u0131\u015f \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259r\u00a0qlobal \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259r\u00a0adlan\u0131r (WAN \u2013 Wide Area Network).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kateqoriyaya\u00a0regional \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259r\u00a0(MAN \u2013 Metropolitan Area Network) daxildir. Bu \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259r lokal \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rin standartlar\u0131 il\u0259 t\u0259yin olunduqlar\u0131na baxmayaraq, daha \u00e7ox qlobal \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 ox\u015fay\u0131rlar. Regional \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259r nisb\u0259t\u0259n az tan\u0131n\u0131r v\u0259 nadir hallarda istifad\u0259 olunurlar.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6vl\u0259tin h\u0259r hans\u0131 bir sah\u0259sin\u0259 (t\u0259hsil, elm, m\u00fcdafi\u0259 v\u0259 s.) xidm\u0259t ed\u0259n \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259r\u00a0korporativ\u00a0\u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259\u00a0adlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kompyuter \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259ri funksiyalar\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 2 qrupa b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr:<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Birs\u0259viyy\u0259li (birranql\u0131) \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259r<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Server \u0259sas\u0131nda qurulan \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259r<\/p>\n

Birs\u0259viyy\u0259li\u00a0\u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259d\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn kompyuterl\u0259r eyni h\u00fcquqa malik olur.<\/p>\n

Server \u0259sas\u0131nda qurulan\u00a0\u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 is\u0259 m\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259b kabel birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n istifad\u0259 edilir v\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259nin idar\u0259 olunmas\u0131 m\u0259rk\u0259zl\u0259\u015fdirilmi\u015f inzibat\u00e7\u0131 (server) t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilir.<\/p>\n

\u015e\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259ri \u0259laq\u0259 vasit\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 t\u0259snifata ay\u0131rmaq olar:<\/p>\n

Simli\u00a0\u2013 bu \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259d\u0259 kompyuterl\u0259r bir-biri il\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif kabell\u0259r vasit\u0259sil\u0259 birl\u0259\u015firl\u0259r. Simli rabit\u0259ni t\u0259min etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131 komponentl\u0259rd\u0259n istifad\u0259 edilir:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013\u00a0Kabell\u0259r (optik-lifli, burulmu\u015f c\u00fctl\u0259r, koaksial);<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013\u00a0\u015e\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 adapterl\u0259ri;<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013\u00a0Konsentratorlar, kommutatorlar, mar\u015frutizatorlar;<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013\u00a0Modem;<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013\u00a0Splitter.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Simsiz\u00a0(hava il\u0259)\u00a0\u2013 bu \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259d\u0259 is\u0259 kompyuterl\u0259r v\u0259 dig\u0259r qur\u011fular aras\u0131nda informasiya m\u00fcbadil\u0259si infraq\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 \u015f\u00fcalar v\u0259 ya radiodal\u011falar\u0131n siqnallar\u0131 vasit\u0259sil\u0259 yerin\u0259 yetirilir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013\u00a0IK-\u0259laq\u0259 qur\u011fular\u0131;<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013\u00a0Radio\u0259laq\u0259 qur\u011fular\u0131 (peyk antenas\u0131 v\u0259 bluetooth-adapter).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

PAN\u00a0(Personal Area Network – f\u0259rdi \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259) \u2013 10 m. m\u0259saf\u0259d\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n f\u0259rdi kompyuterl\u0259ri v\u0259 dig\u0259r qur\u011fular\u0131 (m\u0259s., mobil telefonlar\u0131, printerl\u0259ri v\u0259 s.) \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ndir\u0259n \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259dir. Bu \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259d\u0259n veril\u0259nl\u0259rin sinxronla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, ki\u00e7ik i\u015f\u00e7i qruplar\u0131nda sad\u0259 informasiya m\u00fcbadil\u0259sinin apar\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istifad\u0259 olunur. PAN \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259n perspektivli standart \u2013Bluetooth\u2011dur.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

WLAN\u00a0(Wireless Local Area Network – simsiz lokal \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259) \u2013 100 m m\u0259saf\u0259d\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n kompyuterl\u0259rin \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ndirilm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istifad\u0259 olunur. Bu \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rin k\u00f6m\u0259yi il\u0259 bir binada, universitet \u0259razisind\u0259 resurslardan istifad\u0259 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ki\u00e7ik t\u0259\u015fkilatlarda ad\u0259t\u0259n bel\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259r simli \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ri tamamil\u0259 \u0259v\u0259z ed\u0259 bil\u0259r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

WWAN\u00a0(Wireless Wide Area Network – simsiz geni\u015f \u0259hat\u0259li \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259) \u2013 mobil istifad\u0259\u00e7il\u0259r\u0259 \u0130nternetd\u0259n v\u0259 korporativ \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n istifad\u0259y\u0259 imkan ver\u0259n simsiz \u0259laq\u0259dir. Burada h\u0259l\u0259 ki liderlik ed\u0259n standart m\u00f6vcud deyil, lakin hal-haz\u0131rda \u0259n \u00e7ox\u00a0GPRStexnologiyas\u0131ndan istifad\u0259 edilir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

CAN\u00a0(Campus Area Network \u2013 kampus \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259si) \u2013 b\u00f6y\u00fck olmayan co\u011frafi \u0259razid\u0259 (m\u0259s., universitet \u015f\u0259h\u0259rcikl\u0259rind\u0259, s\u0259naye kompleksl\u0259rind\u0259, h\u0259rbi bazalarda v\u0259 s.) bir ne\u00e7\u0259 lokal \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259nin birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259sidir (ba\u015fqa s\u00f6zl\u0259, regional \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259nin bir n\u00f6v\u00fcd\u00fcr).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u015e\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 texnologiyalar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcasir inki\u015faf m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259sind\u0259 qura\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 v\u0259 istifad\u0259si \u00e7ox sad\u0259 olan\u00a0Wi-Fi\u00a0standart\u0131ndan daha \u00e7ox istifad\u0259 edilir. Wi-Fi (ing. wireless fidelity \u2013 simsiz \u0259laq\u0259) \u2013 1997-ci ild\u0259 yarad\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, geni\u015f \u0259razini \u0259hat\u0259 ed\u0259n simsiz \u0259laq\u0259nin standart\u0131d\u0131r. Bir qayda olaraq Wi-Fi texnologiyas\u0131ndan simsiz lokal \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rin t\u0259\u015fkilind\u0259 istifad\u0259 edilir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Dolanm\u0131\u015f c\u00fct kabell\u0259r (TP)<\/strong>
\n5.2 Dolanm\u0131\u015f C\u00fct Kabel (Twisted Pair Cable)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Yarand\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6vrd\u0259n indiy\u0259d\u0259k \u0259n yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f istifad\u0259 edil\u0259n \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 kabeli tipidir. Bir-birin\u0259 dolanm\u0131\u015f c\u00fctl\u0259r hal\u0131nda olan v\u0259 telefon kabelin\u0259 b\u0259nz\u0259r bir kabeldir. \u0130ki tip\u00a0TP(Twisted Pair)\u00a0kabel m\u00f6vcuddur.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

5.2.1 Qorunan \u00d6rt\u00fckl\u00fc Dolanm\u0131\u015f C\u00fct (Shielded Twisted Pair-STP)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu tip kabeld\u0259 dolanm\u0131\u015f tel c\u00fctl\u0259ri koaksial kabeld\u0259 oldu\u011fu kimi metal bir qoruma t\u0259b\u0259q\u0259si il\u0259 \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr. TP kabell\u0259r ilk istifad\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 vaxtlardan (b\u0259lk\u0259 d\u0259 koaksialdan ke\u00e7id d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259) STP kabel UTP-y\u0259 nisb\u0259td\u0259 daha yax\u015f\u0131 q\u0259bul edilmi\u015fdir. \u018fn \u00e7\u00f6ld\u0259ki metal qoruma t\u0259b\u0259q\u0259si elektromaqnetik m\u0259kanlarda h\u0259qiq\u0259t\u0259n kabel i\u00e7ind\u0259ki siqnal\u0131n pozulmas\u0131na mane olmas\u0131 g\u00f6zl\u0259nilirdi. Ancaq STP-nin bahal\u0131 olmas\u0131 onun yay\u0131lmas\u0131na mane olmu\u015fdur.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

K\u00f6hn\u0259 qaynaqlarda STP-nin UTP il\u0259 m\u00fcqais\u0259d\u0259 daha bahal\u0131, amma STP-nin maqnetik m\u0259kanlarda UTP-y\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 daha inaml\u0131 kabel oldu\u011fu bildirilir. Bu g\u00fcnl\u0259rd\u0259 bir \u00e7ox qaynaqda is\u0259 STP-nin qura\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0259tin oldu\u011fundan v\u0259 s\u00f6yl\u0259ndiyi q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259 y\u00fcks\u0259k qoruma il\u0259 t\u0259min etm\u0259diyind\u0259n s\u00f6z gedir. H\u0259tta d\u00fczg\u00fcn istifad\u0259 olunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda daha pis n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 yol a\u00e7a bil\u0259c\u0259yind\u0259n b\u0259hs edilir. STP istifad\u0259 edil\u0259nd\u0259 diqq\u0259t edilm\u0259si g\u0259r\u0259kli \u0259n \u00f6n\u0259mli n\u00f6qt\u0259, \u00e7\u00f6ld\u0259ki metal qoruman\u0131n d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 torpaqlanmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u018fks halda qoruma elektromaqnit dal\u011falar\u0131 toplayan bir antena v\u0259zif\u0259sini g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Qoruma kabelinin he\u00e7 bir n\u00f6qt\u0259sind\u0259n z\u0259d\u0259l\u0259nm\u0259mi\u015f olmas\u0131 da \u00e7ox \u00f6n\u0259mlidir. \u018fn \u00e7\u00f6ld\u0259ki qoruma il\u0259 torpaqlama m\u0259lumat\u0131n ke\u00e7diyi b\u00fct\u00fcn n\u00f6qt\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 davaml\u0131 olaraq t\u0259krarlanmas\u0131 da \u00e7ox \u00f6n\u0259mlidir. STP kabel Token Ring \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 istifad\u0259 olunmu\u015fdur, ancaq Ethernet \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ist\u0259nilm\u0259y\u0259n bir kabel tipidir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

5.2.2 Qorunmayan \u00d6rt\u00fcks\u00fcz Dolanm\u0131\u015f C\u00fct (Unshielded Twisted Pair-UTP)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Bu g\u00fcnl\u0259rd\u0259 \u0259n \u00e7ox i\u015fl\u0259dil\u0259n UTP bir-birin\u0259 dolanm\u0131\u015f c\u00fctl\u0259r hal\u0131nda v\u0259 \u0259n \u00e7\u00f6ld\u0259 d\u0259 plastik bir qorumas\u0131 olan kabell\u0259rdir. Kabelin i\u00e7ind\u0259 kabelin dayan\u0131ql\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmaq v\u0259 laz\u0131m olduqda \u00e7\u00f6ld\u0259ki plastik \u00f6rt\u00fcy\u00fc rahatca s\u0131y\u0131rmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn neylon bir ip m\u00f6vcuddur. Tel c\u00fctl\u0259rinin bir-birin\u0259 dolanm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131 h\u0259m \u00f6z aralar\u0131nda, h\u0259m d\u0259 \u00e7\u00f6l m\u00fchitind\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131la\u015fa bil\u0259c\u0259yi siqnal pozulmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u0259 ke\u00e7m\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir t\u0259dbirdir.<\/p>\n

Kabel i\u00e7ind\u0259ki tell\u0259r c\u00fctl\u0259r hal\u0131nda bir-birin\u0259 dolanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. H\u0259r c\u00fct\u00fcn bir \u0259sas r\u0259ngi, bir d\u0259 “a\u011f” olan\u0131 vard\u0131r. Yuxar\u0131dak\u0131 \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 d\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fcy\u00fc kimi \u0259sas r\u0259ngl\u0259r porta\u011fal r\u0259ngi(turuncu), mavi, ya\u015f\u0131l v\u0259 q\u0259hv\u0259 r\u0259ngind\u0259dir. \u018fsas r\u0259ngl\u0259r\u0259 sar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan a\u011f tell\u0259r, sar\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu r\u0259ngl\u0259 eyni r\u0259ng\u0259 sahib oldu\u011funu bildirir. Bel\u0259c\u0259 porta\u011fal r\u0259ngi(turuncu), porta\u011fal r\u0259ngi(turuncu)-a\u011f, mavi, mavi-a\u011f, ya\u015f\u0131l, ya\u015f\u0131l-a\u011f, q\u0259hv\u0259yi, q\u0259hv\u0259yi-a\u011f olmaq \u00fczr\u0259\u00a0 8 f\u0259rqli r\u0259ngd\u0259 v\u0259 4 qrupda toplanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fck.<\/p>\n

B\u0259z\u0259n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z kabeld\u0259 r\u0259ngl\u0259rin bir az sol\u011fun, h\u0259tta d\u0259yi\u015fik oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u0259 bil\u0259rsiniz. B\u0259z\u0259n d\u0259 a\u011f kabell\u0259rin tamam x\u0259tsiz(zolaqs\u0131z) olmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ancaq keyfiyy\u0259tli CAT5(v\u0259 ya yuxar\u0131) kabell\u0259rd\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n problem \u00e7\u0131xm\u0131r. H\u0259r bir ikinci(sar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f) tel \u0259sas tel\u0259 m\u00fcvafiq r\u0259ngl\u0259nir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

5.2.3\u00a0Unshielded v\u0259 shielded twisted pair kabel standartlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0Cat 1:\u00a0Hal-haz\u0131rda TIA(Telecommunications Industry Association)\/EIA(Electronic Industries Alliance) t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n tan\u0131nm\u0131r. \u018fvv\u0259ll\u0259r telefon POTS(Plain old telephone service), ISDN v\u0259 qap\u0131 z\u0259ngi kabell\u0259nm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istifad\u0259 edilirdi.<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0Cat 2:\u00a0Hal-haz\u0131rda TIA\/EIA t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n tan\u0131nm\u0131r. \u018fvv\u0259ll\u0259r 4 Mbit\/s Token Ring \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 istifad\u0259 olunurdu.<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0Cat 3: Hal-haz\u0131rda TIA\/EIA-568-B t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n q\u0259bul olunur, 16 MHz s\u00fcr\u0259tind\u0259ki \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 istifad\u0259 olunur. 10 Mbit\/s Ethernet \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 istifad\u0259 olunmas\u0131 il\u0259 populyard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0Cat 4: Hal-haz\u0131rda TIA\/EIA t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n tan\u0131nm\u0131r. 20 MHz s\u00fcr\u0259tind\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259 qabiliyy\u0259ti var v\u0259 16 Mbit\/s Token Ring \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 geni\u015f istifad\u0259 olunmu\u015fdur.<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0Cat 5: Hal-haz\u0131rda TIA\/EIA t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n tan\u0131nm\u0131r. 100 MHz s\u00fcr\u0259tind\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259 qabiliyy\u0259ti var v\u0259 100 Mbit\/s Ethernet \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 istifad\u0259 olunmu\u015fdur. 1000BASE-T Gigabit Ethernet \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn uy\u011fun deyildir.<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0Cat 5e: Hal-haz\u0131rda TIA\/EIA-568-B t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n q\u0259bul olunur. 100 MHz s\u00fcr\u0259tind\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259 qabiliyy\u0259ti var. 100 Mbit\/s v\u0259 Gigabit Ethernet \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 istifad\u0259 olunur.<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0Cat 6: Hal-haz\u0131rda TIA\/EIA-568-B t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n q\u0259bul olunur. 250 MHz s\u00fcr\u0259tind\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259 qabiliyy\u0259ti var. 5 v\u0259 5e-d\u0259n daha g\u00fccl\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0Cat 6a: 10 Gbit\/s \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn kabel standart\u0131d\u0131r(haz\u0131rlanmaqdad\u0131r).<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0Cat 7: ISO\/IEC 11801 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn qeyri-r\u0259smi add\u0131r. Class F kabell\u0259m\u0259 sinifi. Bu standart individuald\u0131r v\u0259 x\u00fcsusi hallarda istifad\u0259 olunur. 600 MHz s\u00fcr\u0259tind\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259 qabiliyy\u0259ti var.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Komp\u00fcter \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259\u00a010 Mbit\u00a0Ethernet vaxtlar\u0131nda\u00a0CAT3\u00a0kabel \u00e7ox geni\u015f istifad\u0259 edilmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

100 Mbit\u00a0Ethernetin inki\u015faf etdirilm\u0259si il\u0259\u00a0CAT5\u00a0kabell\u0259r istehsala ba\u015flan\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r v\u0259 h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 istifad\u0259 olunmaqdad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

UTP kabelin \u00e7\u00f6ld\u0259n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

CAT3 v\u0259 CAT5 bir-birin\u0259 \u00e7ox b\u0259nz\u0259yirl\u0259r. Ancaq h\u0259r kabelin \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 kateqoriyas\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r. Kabelin kateqoriyas\u0131 onun keyfiyy\u0259tini g\u00f6st\u0259rir. Ke\u00e7iril\u0259n m\u00fcxt\u0259lif\u00a0 testl\u0259r il\u0259 kabelin g\u00f6st\u0259ril\u0259n s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 elektrik siqnallar\u0131n\u0131 n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r sa\u011flam v\u0259 az itki il\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259rdiyi, maqnit m\u00fchitind\u0259 siqnal\u0131 n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r qoruya bildiyi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr. Testl\u0259r il\u0259 ortaya \u00e7\u0131xan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u0259r kateqoriyan\u0131n keyfiyy\u0259tini g\u00f6st\u0259rir. Qoyulan kriteriyalara cavab ver\u0259n kabel kateqoriyan\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 alma\u011fa haqq qazan\u0131r.\u00a0CAT5\u00a0il\u0259\u00a0100 Mbit\u00a0s\u00fcr\u0259tind\u0259 m\u0259lumat\u0131 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u0259 bil\u0259rsiniz. Bir sonrak\u0131 standart\u00a0CAT5e\u00a0(Enhanced CAT5, inki\u015faf etdirilmi\u015f CAT5) standart\u0131d\u0131r. CAT5e CAT5 il\u0259 eyni qurulu\u015fdad\u0131r, amma daha keyfiyy\u0259tli kabeldir. CAT5e il\u0259\u00a0gigabit s\u00fcr\u0259tin\u0259 \u00e7atmaq olar. Gigabit ethernet-d\u0259 CAT5 istifad\u0259 etm\u0259k m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr, amma CAT5e\u00a0daha \u00e7ox m\u0259sl\u0259h\u0259t g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

CAT6-da da eyni v\u0259ziyy\u0259td\u0259n s\u00f6z gedir. CAT5e-d\u0259n d\u0259 daha y\u00fcks\u0259k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7ata bil\u0259n bir kateqoriyada yer alan kabeldir. CAT6 hal haz\u0131rda\u00a0568A\u00a0standart\u0131na \u0259lav\u0259 olunmu\u015fdur. Y\u0259ni r\u0259smi istifad\u0259y\u0259 verilmi\u015fdir. 1000Mhz s\u00fcr\u0259ti \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn, gigabit ethernet \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259n uy\u011fun kabeldir. G\u00f6rd\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fcz kimi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fd\u0259 d\u0259 el\u0259 bir f\u0259rq yoxdur. CAT6a is\u0259 \u0259sil ad\u0131 “Augmented(\u00e7oxald\u0131m\u0131\u015f, art\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f)- Category 6”- adlan\u0131r. 10 Gigabit Ethernet \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulub.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

1 f\u0259rq daha \u00e7ox n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7arp\u0131r, aralar\u0131ndak\u0131 Seperator(ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

CAT7\u00a0h\u0259l\u0259 ki inki\u015faf\u00a0 v\u0259 test m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259sind\u0259dir. Dig\u0259rl\u0259rinin \u0259ksin\u0259 f\u0259rqli bir qurulu\u015fu olacaqd\u0131r. H\u0259r tel c\u00fct metal qoruma \u00f6rt\u00fcy\u00fc il\u0259 sar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ham\u0131s\u0131 bird\u0259n dig\u0259r bir metal qoruma \u00f6rt\u00fcy\u00fc\u00a0 il\u0259 \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u0259c\u0259kdir. CAT7 RJ-45-d\u0259n tamam\u0259n f\u0259rqli bir\u00a0jak\u00a0konnektor(birl\u0259\u015fdirici ba\u015fl\u0131q)\u00a0istifad\u0259 ed\u0259c\u0259kdir.<\/p>\n

UTP kabel il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 dig\u0259r\u00a0 bir m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259 is\u0259 “stranded” v\u0259 “solid” kabel f\u0259rql\u0259ndirilm\u0259sidir. Y\u0259ni \u00e7ox damarl\u0131\u00a0stranded\u00a0v\u0259\u00a0t\u0259k damarl\u0131solid\u00a0kabel adlan\u0131r.\u00a0Conductor-naqil, Single-t\u0259k dem\u0259kdir.<\/p>\n

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Bu g\u00fcnl\u0259rd\u0259 yeni qurulan bir \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259d\u0259 \u0259sas\u0259n CAT5 v\u0259 ya CAT5e istifad\u0259 olunur. Bu kateqoriyalarda Bak\u0131 komp\u00fcter ma\u011fazalar\u0131nda rahat tap\u0131l\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

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Topoloji tipl\u0259ri v\u0259 inki\u015faf\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bus topoloji<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Fiziki bus b\u00fct\u00fcn komp\u00fcterl\u0259rin eyni kabel\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 olduqlar\u0131 sistemdir. Kabelin h\u0259r iki ucuna sonland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 v\u0259 ya sonluq ad\u0131 veril\u0259n ba\u015fl\u0131q tax\u0131l\u0131r.\u00a0 Bu topoloji h\u0259m m\u0259ntiqi, h\u0259m d\u0259 fiziki olaraq m\u00f6vcuddur. Qura\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 asand\u0131r. \u018fn b\u00f6y\u00fck \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0kabelin bir n\u00f6qt\u0259sind\u0259 yaranan qopuqlu\u011fun b\u00fct\u00fcn sistemi \u00e7\u00f6kd\u00fcrm\u0259sidir. M\u0259ntiqi bus is\u0259, g\u00f6nd\u0259ril\u0259n bir m\u0259lumat\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn sisteml\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7atmas\u0131 dem\u0259k idi.<\/p>\n

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Linear(X\u0259tti)topoloji\\<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Bu topoloji eyn\u0259n bus kimidir. \u018fsas\u0259n Ethernet texnologiyas\u0131nda istifad\u0259 olunur. Hub daxilind\u0259 bu topolojid\u0259n istifad\u0259 olunur. \u00c7\u00fcnki hub daxilind\u0259 node-lar eyn\u0259n linear-dak\u0131 kimi bir x\u0259tt \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fir.<\/p>\n

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Ring (H\u0259lq\u0259) topoloji<\/strong><\/p>\n

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M\u0259ntiqi Ring topoloji is\u0259 Token-Ring ad\u0131 veril\u0259n birinci\u00a0IBM-in yaratd\u0131\u011f\u0131, sonralar IEEE v\u0259 ISO t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n inki\u015faf etdiril\u0259n v\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 sisteml\u0259rind\u0259 istifad\u0259 olunan texnologiyad\u0131r. Token-Ring-d\u0259 komp\u00fcterl\u0259r kabell\u0259rl\u0259 ortadak\u0131 m\u0259rk\u0259zi bir qutuya qo\u015fulurlar (fiziki ulduza). Bu qutu Hub (hab) adlan\u0131r. Ancaq bu tip \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 sistemind\u0259 m\u0259lumat\u0131 \u00f6t\u00fcrm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bir siqnal m\u00f6vcud olur. Bu siqnal daim s\u0131ra il\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn hub-lar\u0131 v\u0259 komp\u00fcterl\u0259ri d\u00f6vr edir v\u0259 m\u0259lumat \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259sini h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irir. Onun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ona Ring (H\u0259lq\u0259) ad\u0131 verilmi\u015fdir. Bu sistem Token Ring-d\u0259 \u0259trafl\u0131 izah olunacaqd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Dual Ring(\u0130ki h\u0259lq\u0259)topolojisi<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Ring topolojisinin daha inki\u015faf etmi\u015f formas\u0131d\u0131r. Burada x\u0259ttin birind\u0259 x\u0259ta yaranarsa, ikinci x\u0259tt \u0259sas x\u0259tt kimi f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti davam etdirir. Ya da x\u0259tan\u0131n ortadan qald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u0259sas x\u0259tt\u0259 yard\u0131m\u00e7\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n

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Star (Ulduz) topoloji<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u018fn yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 istifad\u0259 olunan fiziki topolojidir. H\u0259r komp\u00fcterd\u0259n \u00e7\u0131xan bir kabel m\u0259rk\u0259zd\u0259ki bir qutuya(hub) girir. \u018fn b\u00f6y\u00fck \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fc bir kabeld\u0259 yaranan problemin sad\u0259c\u0259 o kabel\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 komp\u00fcter\u0259 t\u0259sir etm\u0259sidir.<\/p>\n

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Mesh (Tor) topoloji<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Bu topolojid\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn komp\u00fcterl\u0259r dig\u0259r komp\u00fcterl\u0259r\u0259 t\u0259k bir kabel vasit\u0259si il\u0259 ba\u011flan\u0131rlar. N\u0259z\u0259ri olaraq ideal ba\u011flant\u0131 tipidir. Ancaq aradak\u0131 kabel say\u0131 komp\u00fcter say\u0131 artd\u0131qca \u0259lav\u0259 olunaraq artd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0259qiqi h\u0259yatda sad\u0259c\u0259 \u00e7ox x\u00fcsusi hallarda v\u0259 az sayda komp\u00fcter aras\u0131nda istifad\u0259 olunur. \u018flb\u0259tt\u0259 ki, bu forma kabell\u0259m\u0259 rahat ola bilm\u0259z. Amma b\u0259lk\u0259 d\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259kd\u0259 bu forma simsiz \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 \u00f6z yerini tapacaqd\u0131r. Hal-haz\u0131rda da bel\u0259 forman\u0131 simsiz \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 il\u0259 qurmaq olur. Buna bir n\u00f6v m\u0259ntiqi topoloji d\u0259 dem\u0259k olar.<\/p>\n

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TREE (A\u011fac) topoloji\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u018fsas\u0259n m\u0259rk\u0259zi, \u0259sas komp\u00fcterl\u0259r v\u0259 ya hub-lar bus topolojisi il\u0259 birl\u0259\u015fdirilir v\u0259 dig\u0259r komp\u00fcterl\u0259r is\u0259 \u0259sas komp\u00fcterl\u0259r\u0259 v\u0259 ya hub-lara star topolojisi il\u0259 qo\u015fulurlar v\u0259 budaqlanan \u00e7oxalma yaran\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Hybrid (M\u0259l\u0259z) topolojil\u0259r<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u018fsas\u0259n\u00a0bus\u00a0v\u0259\u00a0star\u00a0topolojisinin qar\u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu topolojil\u0259ri inki\u015faf etdir\u0259n f\u0259rqli \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 texnologiyalar\u0131 vard\u0131r.\u00a0Token Ring\u00a0v\u0259\u00a0Ethernet\u00a0bu texnologiyalardan s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etm\u0259y\u0259 d\u0259y\u0259n ikisidir. Token Ring adlanan \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259d\u0259n g\u00f6rm\u0259 ehtimal\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n \u00e7ox-\u00e7ox az oldu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn onu bir k\u0259nara qoysaq, onda sad\u0259c\u0259 Ethernet qal\u0131r. Bu g\u00fcn “\u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 qururam” ya da “\u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 qurduq bombad\u0131r ” dey\u0259nl\u0259r 101% Ethernet-d\u0259n b\u0259hs edir.\u00a0 Ona g\u00f6r\u0259 m\u0259n d\u0259 Ethernet-in istifad\u0259 etdiyi topolojil\u0259ri a\u00e7\u0131qlamaq m\u0259cburiyy\u0259tind\u0259y\u0259m. \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n

Ethernet ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131cda bus topoloji kimi yarad\u0131ld\u0131. Koaksial kabel s\u0131ra il\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn komp\u00fcterl\u0259ri dola\u015f\u0131rd\u0131. Ethernet \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259sind\u0259ki komp\u00fcterl\u0259r d\u0259 el\u0259 bilirdil\u0259r ki t\u0259kc\u0259 bu kabel\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131rlar. Dig\u0259r komp\u00fcter\u0259 m\u0259lumat yollad\u0131qda, m\u0259lumat \u0259slind\u0259 eyni kabel\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn sisteml\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7at\u0131rd\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn komp\u00fcterl\u0259rd\u0259n sad\u0259c\u0259 “do\u011fru” olan\u0131 bu m\u0259lumat\u0131 q\u0259bul edirdi. B\u0259s do\u011fru komp\u00fcter nec\u0259 t\u0259yin olunurdu? Ethernet \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259sind\u0259 h\u0259r komp\u00fcter, daha do\u011frusu h\u0259r \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 kart\u0131 (ethernet kart\u0131 da dey\u0259 bil\u0259rik) f\u0259rqli bir \u00fcnvana sahibdir, MAC adresin\u0259. M\u0259lumat kabel \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fdiril\u0259n zaman m\u0259lumat \u00fcz\u0259rin\u0259 q\u0259bul ed\u0259nin v\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259r\u0259nin MAC adresl\u0259ri yaz\u0131l\u0131r. Bel\u0259c\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn komp\u00fcterl\u0259rd\u0259n sad\u0259c\u0259 do\u011fru olan\u0131 m\u0259lumat\u0131 al\u0131r v\u0259 oxuyur, dig\u0259rl\u0259ri\u00a0\u00f6zl\u0259rin\u0259 g\u0259lm\u0259y\u0259n, ya da g\u0259l\u0259n, amma aid olmayan m\u0259lumat\u0131 g\u00f6zd\u0259n ke\u00e7irm\u0259d\u0259n r\u0259dd edirl\u0259r. Buradan ilk ethernet-in h\u0259m m\u0259ntiqi, h\u0259m d\u0259 fiziki olaraq bus qurulu\u015fda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fd\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Qeyd:\u00a0\u0130nformasiyan\u0131n \u00e7ox oldu\u011funu v\u0259 qar\u0131\u015fd\u0131rmaqdan narahat olmay\u0131n. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu oxuduqlar\u0131n\u0131z b\u00f6y\u00fck tapmacan\u0131n tap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn veril\u0259n m\u0259lumatlard\u0131r. Getdikc\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u00a0daha ayd\u0131n olacaq v\u0259 Ethernet haqda daha \u0259trafl\u0131 \u00f6yr\u0259n\u0259c\u0259ksiniz.<\/p>\n

Zaman i\u00e7ind\u0259 fiziki bus tipi ehtiyaclara cavab verm\u0259y\u0259n hala g\u0259ldi. Fiziki bus qurulu\u015fda, y\u0259ni b\u00fct\u00fcn komp\u00fcterl\u0259rin eyni kabel\u0259 ba\u011fland\u0131qlar\u0131 sistemd\u0259 kabelin bir n\u00f6qt\u0259sind\u0259 yaranan qopuqluq v\u0259 ya q\u0131sa qapanma b\u00fct\u00fcn \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259ni \u00e7\u00f6kd\u00fcr\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

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\u015e\u0259b\u0259k\u0259y\u0259 yeni bir komp\u00fcter \u0259lav\u0259 etm\u0259k, kabelin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u0259 \u0259lav\u0259 etm\u0259k dem\u0259k idi. Bu proses s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaz v\u0259ziyy\u0259t\u0259 g\u0259lirdi. \u015e\u0259b\u0259k\u0259d\u0259 z\u0259d\u0259 oldu\u011fu zaman b\u00fct\u00fcn sisteml\u0259ri dola\u015fan t\u0259k bir kabelin h\u0259r hans\u0131 bir yerind\u0259ki z\u0259d\u0259ni tapmaq \u00e7ox \u00e7\u0259tin olurdu. Tam kabell\u0259m\u0259d\u0259, y\u0259ni \u00e7ox sayda komp\u00fcterin istifad\u0259 olundu\u011fu binalarda v\u0259 ya binalar aras\u0131 kabell\u0259m\u0259 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7iril\u0259rk\u0259n fiziki bus istifad\u0259 etm\u0259k m\u00fcmk\u00fcn deyil. \u00c7\u00fcnki bus qurulu\u015f a\u011fac\u0131n budaqlar\u0131 kimi m\u0259rk\u0259zd\u0259n binan\u0131n m\u0259rt\u0259b\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 v\u0259 otaqlara b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yarad\u0131lmam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

N\u0259tic\u0259 etibar\u0131 il\u0259 fiziki bus topolojinin ehtiyaclar\u0131 qar\u015f\u0131lamaqdan uzaq oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131landa yeni bir sistem axtar\u0131\u015f\u0131na ba\u015flan\u0131ld\u0131. H\u0259ll yolu ethernetin m\u0259ntiqi topolojisini m\u00fchafiz\u0259 edib, fiziki topolojini, y\u0259ni kabell\u0259m\u0259 qurulu\u015funu ulduz topoloji il\u0259 d\u0259yi\u015fdirm\u0259yi uy\u011fun bildil\u0259r. Ulduz topolojid\u0259 h\u0259r komp\u00fcterd\u0259n ayr\u0131 bir kabel m\u0259rk\u0259zi bir qutuya(hub) ba\u011flan\u0131rd\u0131. Kabell\u0259rd\u0259n birind\u0259 yaranan z\u0259d\u0259 sad\u0259c\u0259 o komp\u00fcter\u0259 t\u0259sir edirdi.<\/p>\n

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Ethernet \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yeni fiziki topoloji ulduz topolojidir. \u0130stifad\u0259 olunan kabel d\u0259 koaksial kabeld\u0259n UTP-y\u0259 \u00e7evrildi. Ancaq m\u0259ntiqi olaraq ethernet h\u0259l\u0259 d\u0259 bus topolojid\u0259n istifad\u0259 edir. Fiziki ulduz topolojid\u0259 istifad\u0259 olunan hub i\u00e7ind\u0259 m\u0259ntiqi bir bus topoloji vard\u0131r. Komp\u00fcterl\u0259rd\u0259n birisinin yollad\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u0259lumat paketi hub-a \u00e7atana q\u0259d\u0259r, hub bu paketin s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259rini yarad\u0131r v\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn portlara yollay\u0131r. Y\u0259ni bus qurulu\u015fda oldu\u011fu kimi m\u0259lumat paketi dig\u0259r b\u00fct\u00fcn komp\u00fcterl\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7at\u0131r v\u0259 sad\u0259c\u0259 q\u0259bul etm\u0259li olan komp\u00fcter paketi oxuyur v\u0259 m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olur. Amma dig\u0259rl\u0259ri is\u0259 paket onlara \u00fcnvanlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn onu silirl\u0259r.<\/p>\n

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Bunu daha yax\u015f\u0131 anlamaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yuxar\u0131da bir ethernet hub-\u0131n i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259 \u015f\u0259kill\u0259rini g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015f\u0259m. Hub-a ba\u011fl\u0131 komp\u00fcterl\u0259r ulduz topoloji istifad\u0259 etm\u0259yin\u0259 baxmayaraq, hub i\u00e7ind\u0259 eyni bus kimi t\u0259k bir x\u0259tt oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u0259 bil\u0259rik.<\/p>\n

Bus topoloji istifad\u0259 ed\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259lki \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 n\u00f6vl\u0259ri yeni \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 qo\u015fula bil\u0259rl\u0259r. \u00c7\u00fcnki i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259 m\u0259ntiql\u0259ri, y\u0259ni m\u0259ntiqi topolojil\u0259ri eynidir. Dem\u0259k olar ki, b\u00fct\u00fcn ethernet hub-larda bir d\u0259n\u0259 \u0259lav\u0259 koaksial kabel giri\u015fi vard\u0131r. Koaksial kabel ilk bus topoloji il\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259y\u0259n sisteml\u0259rd\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259dilirdi. Ethernetin istifad\u0259 etdiyi bu m\u0259l\u0259z topoloji b\u0259z\u0259n star-bus topoloji kimi tan\u0131n\u0131r. T\u0259k m\u0259l\u0259z topoloji star-bus deyildir. IBM-in yaratd\u0131\u011f\u0131 v\u0259 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczd\u0259 populyarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 itir\u0259n, ancaq zaman\u0131nda geni\u015f istifad\u0259 olunmu\u015f Token Ring \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 texnologiyas\u0131 da star-ring m\u0259l\u0259z topolojisini istifad\u0259 edirdi. Bu sistemd\u0259 d\u0259 \u00e7\u00f6ld\u0259n bax\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda eyni ethernetin star-bus-\u0131 kimi kabell\u0259m\u0259 ulduz \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fck. H\u0259r komp\u00fcterd\u0259n ayr\u0131 bir kabel ethernet-d\u0259ki hub-\u0131n b\u0259nz\u0259ri bir qutuya girir. Ancaq bu qutunun i\u00e7ind\u0259 Token Ring \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rinin istifad\u0259 etdiyi m\u0259ntiqi bir h\u0259lq\u0259(ring) qurulu\u015fu m\u00f6vcud olurdu.<\/p>\n

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Komp\u00fcter \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259ri v\u0259 onlar\u0131n qura\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda istifad\u0259 olunan texnologiyalar<\/strong><\/p>\n

2.1 LAN, WAN v\u0259 dig\u0259r Sah\u0259 \u015e\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259ri (Area Networks)<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00fcxt\u0259lif tip komp\u00fcter \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 dizaynlar\u0131n\u0131n kateqoriyala\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bir yol var. Onlar\u0131 fiziki sah\u0259si v\u0259 miqyas\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 qrupla\u015fd\u0131rmaq. \u0130nki\u015faf tarixi s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259rind\u0259n, b\u00fct\u00fcn dizayn tipl\u0259ri dem\u0259k olar ki, m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n sah\u0259y\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 yarad\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131rlar. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da onlar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u0259 bil\u0259rsiniz:<\/p>\n

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LAN\u00a0– Local Area Network (yerli sah\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259si)<\/strong><\/p>\n

WLAN\u00a0– Wireless Local Area Network (simsiz yerli sah\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259si)<\/strong><\/p>\n

WAN\u00a0– Wide Area Network (geni\u015f sah\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259si)<\/strong><\/p>\n

MAN\u00a0– Metropolitan Area Network (metropoliyan (paytaxt) sah\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259si)<\/strong><\/p>\n

SAN\u00a0– Storage Area Network, System Area Network, Server Area Network v\u0259 ya b\u0259z\u0259n Small Area Network (bir \u00e7ox ad\u0131 var \u0259sas Storage Area Network (saxlama sah\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259si) kimi tan\u0131n\u0131r)<\/strong><\/p>\n

CAN\u00a0– Campus Area Network,\u00a0Controller Area Network\u00a0b\u0259z\u0259n\u00a0Cluster Area Network\u00a0bir \u00e7ox ad\u0131 var. \u018fsas\u00a0Controller Area Network(n\u0259zar\u0259t sah\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259si) kimi tan\u0131n\u0131r)<\/strong><\/p>\n

PAN\u00a0– Personal Area Network (\u015f\u0259xsi sah\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259si)<\/strong><\/p>\n

DAN\u00a0– Desk Area Network (idar\u0259etm\u0259 sah\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259si)<\/strong><\/p>\n

LAN v\u0259 WAN \u0259sas orijinal sah\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259si kateqoriyalar\u0131d\u0131r, qalanlar\u0131 ill\u0259r boyunca texnologiyan\u0131n inki\u015faf\u0131 ir\u0259lil\u0259dikc\u0259 yarad\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131rlar v\u0259 y\u0259qinki bundan sonrada yenil\u0259ri yarad\u0131l\u0131caqd\u0131rlar.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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LAN N\u0259dir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

LAN (Local Area Network) \u2013YS\u015e(Yerli Sah\u0259 \u015e\u0259b\u0259k\u0259si), m\u0259sl\u0259h\u0259tdir LAN dey\u0259siniz. YS\u015e g\u00fclm\u0259li \u00e7\u0131x\u0131r. Bu forma ki\u00e7ik ofisl\u0259rd\u0259, ev daxili v\u0259 ya ki\u00e7ik komp\u00fcter klublar\u0131nda istifad\u0259 olunur. Bu tip vasit\u0259si il\u0259 evd\u0259, i\u015fd\u0259 v\u0259 ya klubda oyun oynamaq, o biri komp\u00fcter\u0259 qo\u015fulmu\u015f printerd\u0259n yaz\u0131 \u00e7ap etm\u0259k olar. \u015e\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 tipi n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r b\u00f6y\u00fck olursa olsun onun t\u0259rkibind\u0259 LAN(lar) olur. N\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r b\u00f6y\u00fck dey\u0259n zaman m\u0259n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da izah ed\u0259c\u0259yim, yuxar\u0131da siyah\u0131 formas\u0131nda sadalad\u0131\u011f\u0131m dig\u0259r tipl\u0259ri n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tuturam. B\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00f6y\u00fck \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259r ki\u00e7ik LAN \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rini birl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00f6vcuddurlar v\u0259 ya o s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n yaran\u0131blar.<\/p>\n

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WLAN N\u0259dir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

WLAN – Wireless Local Area Network (simsiz yerli sah\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259si). Bu da LAN dem\u0259kdir. H\u0259m \u00fcst\u00fcn, h\u0259m d\u0259 m\u0259nfi c\u0259h\u0259tl\u0259ri var. \u00dcst\u00fcn c\u0259h\u0259ti evin ya da ofisin i\u00e7\u0259risind\u0259 aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131za dola\u015facaq v\u0259 ya divar\u0131n de\u015film\u0259sin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olacaq\u00a0kabell\u0259rin olmama\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. M\u0259nfi c\u0259h\u0259ti onun h\u0259l\u0259 inki\u015faf etm\u0259kd\u0259 olmas\u0131d\u0131r ki, texnologiya komp\u00fcter oyunlar\u0131 v\u0259 h\u0259cmi b\u00f6y\u00fck proqramlar\u0131n t\u0259l\u0259bl\u0259rini h\u0259l\u0259 ki \u00f6d\u0259y\u0259 bilmir. Amma s\u0259n\u0259dl\u0259ri \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 vasit\u0259si il\u0259 b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015fm\u0259k onun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn problem deyildir. \u00dcst\u00fcn c\u0259h\u0259ti \u00f6t\u00fcrm\u0259 radiusu \u00fczr\u0259 dair\u0259vi formada ba\u011flant\u0131 qura bilir. Kabel kimi t\u0259k istiqam\u0259tli ba\u011flant\u0131dan as\u0131l\u0131 olmur.<\/p>\n

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WAN N\u0259dir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

WAN\u00a0– Wide Area Network (geni\u015f sah\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259si). LAN-\u0131n maksimum \u0259hat\u0259 sah\u0259si bir binad\u0131rsa, WAN \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bu \u0259hat\u0259 sah\u0259si \u015f\u0259h\u0259rin bir ne\u00e7\u0259 rayonu, yer k\u00fcr\u0259sinin tamam\u0131 des\u0259k yalan olmaz. \u018flb\u0259tt\u0259 ki, burada istifad\u0259 olunan texnologiyalar LAN-dan f\u0259rql\u0259nir v\u0259 daha bir ne\u00e7\u0259 cihaz \u0259lav\u0259 olunur. Bu detallar\u0131\u00a0hub vasit\u0259si il\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 qura\u015fd\u0131rman\u0131 \u00f6yr\u0259n\u0259n\u00a0zaman geni\u015f \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 izah ed\u0259c\u0259yik.<\/p>\n

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Dig\u0259r tipl\u0259r n\u0259dir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Siyah\u0131da yaz\u0131lan dig\u0259r tipl\u0259r adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 sah\u0259 \u00fczr\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 dizaynlar\u0131d\u0131r. \u018fsas\u0259n m\u0259qs\u0259dy\u00f6nl\u00fc yarad\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131rlar. B\u0259zi sah\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 tipl\u0259rinin bir ne\u00e7\u0259 ad\u0131n\u0131n olmas\u0131n\u0131n s\u0259b\u0259bi dizayn formas\u0131n\u0131n saxlan\u0131laraq m\u0259qs\u0259dinin d\u0259yi\u015fdirilm\u0259si il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dard\u0131r. Y\u0259ni bir dizayn bir \u00e7ox m\u0259qs\u0259d il\u0259 istifad\u0259 oluna bil\u0259r.<\/p>\n

C\u00fct dolanm\u0131\u015f kabel vasit\u0259si il\u0259 iki kompyuteri xabs\u0131z birl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259k.
\nBel\u0259 bir \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259ni qurmaq m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Kompyuterl\u0259r bir-biri il\u0259 UTP-kabell\u0259r vasit\u0259si il\u0259 birl\u0259\u015fdirilir. Buna cross-over birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259 deyilir. Kabelin bir ucu standarta \u0259sas\u0259n b\u0259rkidilir, ikinci ucu is\u0259 \u0259sas tell\u0259rin yerinin d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259si il\u0259 birl\u0259\u015fdirilir (1 v\u0259 2 birincid\u0259 ikincinin 3 v\u0259 6 il\u0259, v\u0259 3 – 6 birincid\u0259 1 v\u0259 2 ikinci il\u0259). Daha d\u0259qiq des\u0259k a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131 \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 g\u00f6st\u0259rildiyi kimi.<\/p>\n

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