{"id":3757,"date":"2019-03-04T00:09:27","date_gmt":"2019-03-03T20:09:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/yusif.az\/main\/?p=3757"},"modified":"2019-03-04T00:09:27","modified_gmt":"2019-03-03T20:09:27","slug":"stolustu-komputerd%c9%99-qida-blokunun-hazirlanmasi-v%c9%99-qosulmasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yusif.az\/main\/?p=3757","title":{"rendered":"Stol\u00fcst\u00fc Komp\u00fcterd\u0259 Qida Blokunun Haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 v\u0259 Qo\u015fulmas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Stol\u00fcst\u00fc Komp\u00fcterd\u0259 Qida Blokunun Haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 v\u0259 Qo\u015fulmas<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u0130lk \u00f6nc\u0259 bir ne\u00e7\u0259 terminin n\u0259 oldu\u011funu siz\u0259 izah edim.Sora ba\u015flayaq;<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. V\u00a0 – volt dem\u0259kdir.G\u0259rginlik vahidi<\/strong><\/li>\n
  2. Om – om dem\u0259kdir.M\u00fcqavim\u0259t vahidi<\/strong><\/li>\n
  3. Watt v\u0259 ya W – Vatt dem\u0259kdir.G\u00fcc vahidi<\/strong><\/li>\n
  4. +12 , +5\u00a0 – m\u00fcsb\u0259t 12, m\u00fcsb\u0259t 5 dem\u0259kdir..<\/strong><\/li>\n
  5. -12, -5 – m\u0259nfi 12, m\u0259nfi 5 dem\u0259kdir.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  6. A – amper dem\u0259kdir.C\u0259r\u0259yan \u015fidd\u0259ti vahidi<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Komp\u00fcter qida blokundan istifad\u0259 ed\u0259r\u0259k\u00a0\u00a0+12, +5, +3.3, -5 v\u0259 -12V \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f g\u0259rginlikl\u0259ri olan stol\u00fcst\u00fc qida bloku haz\u0131rlayacay\u0131q. \u0130lk \u00f6nc\u0259 bildirim ki, internetd\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan dilind\u0259 m\u0259lumat\u0131n azl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan b\u0259zi texniki terminl\u0259rin ad\u0131n\u0131\u00a0 m\u00f6t\u0259riz\u0259 i\u00e7\u0259risind\u0259 ingilisc\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259c\u0259ksiniz. Bu terminl\u0259rd\u0259n istifad\u0259 edib daha \u0259trafl\u0131 m\u0259lumatlar axtar\u0131b,\u00a0 tapa bil\u0259rsiniz.<\/p>\n

    \u0130st\u0259r hobbi, ist\u0259rs\u0259 d\u0259 pe\u015f\u0259kar h\u0259r bir elektrik\/elektronik m\u00fch\u0259ndisin i\u015f masas\u0131nda qur\u011fular\u0131n i\u015fini \u00f6l\u00e7m\u0259 v\u0259 yoxlama aparmaq m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f nominall\u0131 qida blokunun olmas\u0131 vacibdir. Bu yax\u0131nlarda m\u0259n\u0259 Litium-Polimer (Li-Po) batareyalar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckl\u0259m\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn y\u00fcks\u0259k g\u00fccl\u00fc (>50 Watt) qida bloku laz\u0131m oldu v\u0259 bu c\u00fcr qida bloklar\u0131n\u0131n qiym\u0259ti baha oldu\u011fundan, \u0259limd\u0259 olan ikinci \u0259l\u00a0 komp\u00fcter qida blokunu\u00a0 \u015f\u0259xsi istifad\u0259m \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn modifikasiya edib istifad\u0259 etm\u0259k q\u0259rar\u0131na g\u0259ldim.<\/p>\n

    Sabit c\u0259r\u0259yan qida bloku\u00a0(DC Power Supply)<\/strong> n\u0259dir v\u0259 nec\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259yir? \u2013 Qida bloku d\u0259yi\u015f\u0259n c\u0259r\u0259yan\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 g\u0259rginlikli sabit c\u0259r\u0259yana \u00e7evirir v\u0259 d\u00f6vr\u0259d\u0259 olan qur\u011fular\u0131 g\u0259rginliyi satabil saxlamaqla sabit c\u0259r\u0259yanla t\u0259min edir. Qida blokunun sad\u0259 i\u015f prinsipini a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131 sxemd\u0259n g\u00f6r\u0259 bil\u0259rsiniz.<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    Sxemd\u0259 transformatorun giri\u015fin\u0259 veril\u0259n\u00a0~220V\u00a0g\u0259rginlik \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015fda biz\u0259 laz\u0131m olan g\u0259rginlik interval\u0131na q\u0259d\u0259r azald\u0131l\u0131r. Bu azalma transformatorun dolaq nisb\u0259tind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olaraq d\u0259yi\u015fir. Daha sonra a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 g\u0259rginlikli d\u0259yi\u015f\u0259n c\u0259r\u0259yan diod k\u00f6rp\u00fcd\u0259 d\u00fczl\u0259ndiril\u0259r\u0259k sabit c\u0259r\u0259yana \u00e7evrilir. Daha sonra g\u0259rginlik filter tutumlar\u0131 vasit\u0259sil\u0259 k\u00fcyl\u0259rd\u0259n azad edilir. Daha da stabil forma alan g\u0259rginlik (m\u0259s.\u00a0+12V) x\u0259tti g\u0259rginlik t\u0259nziml\u0259yicisi (Linear voltage regulator) vasit\u0259sil\u0259 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 g\u0259rginlikl\u0259r\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r azald\u0131laraq (m\u0259s.\u00a0+5V) m\u00fcxt\u0259lif cihazlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn qida m\u0259nb\u0259yi olaraq istifad\u0259 oluna bil\u0259r. T\u0259nziml\u0259yici giri\u015f v\u0259 \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f\u0131ndak\u0131 tutumlar ani y\u00fck d\u0259yi\u015fm\u0259l\u0259ri zaman\u0131 g\u0259rginliyi maksimal d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259d\u0259 stabil saxmala\u011fa yard\u0131m edir.<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    Qur\u011funu hack etm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nc\u0259, bir ne\u00e7\u0259 d\u0259f\u0259 elektrik \u015foku alm\u0131\u015f birisi olaraq x\u0259b\u0259rdarl\u0131q etm\u0259k ist\u0259rdim ki, elektrikl\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259y\u0259rk\u0259n h\u0259r zaman ehtiyyatl\u0131 olun! Qur\u011funun d\u00f6vr\u0259y\u0259 qo\u015fulu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u0259min olun. H\u0259tta, qida bloku d\u00f6vr\u0259y\u0259 qo\u015fulu olmad\u0131qda bel\u0259, qoruyucu qapa\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131q \u0259ll\u0259 a\u00e7ma\u011fa c\u0259hd etm\u0259yin, \u00e7\u00fcnki blokun i\u00e7ind\u0259 olan b\u00f6y\u00fck filter tutumlar\u0131nda sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011fa ciddi z\u0259r\u0259r ver\u0259c\u0259k q\u0259d\u0259r y\u00fcks\u0259k g\u0259rginlikli c\u0259r\u0259yan toplanm\u0131\u015f olur. Bu s\u0259b\u0259bd\u0259n, yax\u015f\u0131 olar ki, izolyasiya \u0259lc\u0259kl\u0259rind\u0259n istifad\u0259 ed\u0259siniz v\u0259 blokun qutusunu a\u00e7d\u0131qdan sonra 15-20 sm uzunlu\u011funda uclar\u0131 k\u0259sik, izolyaisya olunmu\u015f qal\u0131n elastik kabel vasitasil\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn tutumlar\u0131 bo\u015faldas\u0131n\u0131z. Bunu etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn, sad\u0259c\u0259 tutumun \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ndirici ucluqlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6vr\u0259d\u0259 tap\u0131b, q\u0131sa qapasan\u0131z kifay\u0259t ed\u0259r (Ani bo\u015falma zaman\u0131 q\u0131\u011f\u0131lc\u0131mlar sizi qorxutmas\u0131n). X\u0259tti g\u0259rginlik t\u0259nziml\u0259yicil\u0259ri art\u0131q olan g\u0259rginliyi istilik \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 hasil etdikl\u0259rind\u0259n effektiv deyil. Buna misal \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 baxaq, m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015fda 1A y\u00fck olduqda, onda \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015fda istifad\u0259 olunan g\u00fcc 5V*1A = 5W, giri\u015fd\u0259 is\u0259 12V*1A = 12W, arada it\u0259n 7W is\u0259 t\u0259nziml\u0259yici t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n istilik \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Komp\u00fcterd\u0259 istifad\u0259 olunan qida bloklar\u0131 is\u0259 impuls rejimli (Switching-mode Power Supply)<\/strong> olduqlar\u0131ndan y\u00fcks\u0259k effektivliy\u0259 malikdirl\u0259r.<\/p>\n

    Laz\u0131mi materiallar:<\/strong><\/h3>\n
    \u0130\u015fl\u0259nmi\u015f v\u0259 ya yeni komp\u00fct\u0259r qida bloku (PSU)<\/span>
    \n4 \u0259d\u0259d g\u00fcc m\u00fcqavim\u0259ti (dummy load resistors)<\/span>
    \n2 \u0259d\u0259d m\u00fcxt\u0259lif r\u0259ngli LED (g\u00f6y v\u0259 q\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131)<\/span>
    \n2 \u0259d\u0259d 330 Om, 0.25 Watt m\u00fcqavim\u0259t<\/span>
    \nElektrik A\u00e7ar\u0131 (SPST\/SPDT, Toggle switch)<\/span>
    \n4mm diametrli \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f konnektorlar\u0131 (Banana Plug Sockets 8x)<\/span>
    \nY\u0131\u011f\u0131lan izolyatorlar (Heat shrink<\/strong>) v\u0259 ya izolent<\/span>
    \nPrototipl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259 l\u00f6vh\u0259si<\/span><\/h5>\n

    \nLaz\u0131mi al\u0259tl\u0259r:<\/strong><\/h4>\n
    Plastik yap\u0131\u015fd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 (Hot glue gun)<\/span><\/strong>
    \nKabel k\u0259sici k\u0259lb\u0259tin<\/span><\/strong>
    \nNazik uclu k\u0259lb\u0259tin<\/span><\/strong>
    \nDrel<\/span><\/strong>
    \nVinta\u00e7an<\/span><\/strong>
    \nLehim (solder)<\/span><\/strong>
    \nLehiml\u0259yici (soldering iron)<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n

    \nHaz\u0131rlanma prosesi:<\/h4>\n

    Komp\u00fcter qida bloklar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcxt\u0259lif model v\u0259 formalar\u0131 m\u00f6vcuddur. \u018fsas g\u00f6st\u0259rici olaraq \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f kanallar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fccl\u0259rinin c\u0259mi g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u018flimd\u0259 olan qida blokunda bu g\u00f6st\u0259rici 350 Watt-a b\u0259rab\u0259rdir.<\/h5>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    350W ATX qida bloku<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Qida bloklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259ki etiketl\u0259rd\u0259 \u00fcmumi g\u00fcc v\u0259 ayr\u0131l\u0131qda h\u0259r bir \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f kanal\u0131n\u0131n maksimal g\u00fcc\u00fc v\u0259 c\u0259r\u0259yan qiym\u0259ti g\u00f6st\u0259rilir. K\u00f6hn\u0259 komp\u00fcterl\u0259rin ana platalar\u0131 \u0259sas\u0259n 5V g\u0259rginlikli r\u0259q\u0259msal d\u00f6vr\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n t\u0259\u015fkil olunduqlar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn qida bloklar\u0131n\u0131n da +5V kanal\u0131 \u0259n b\u00f6y\u00fck \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u0259 sahib olur. H\u0259m\u00e7inin, k\u00f6hn\u0259 qida bloklar\u0131nda -5V \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f\u0131 da m\u00f6vcuddur. Lakin yeni qida bloklar\u0131n +12V \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f\u0131 daha b\u00f6y\u00fck c\u0259r\u0259yanla t\u0259min etm\u0259 g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u0259 malikdir v\u0259 onlarda -5V \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f\u0131 m\u00f6vcud deyil.<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0ATX Konnektor tipl\u0259ri<\/strong><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00c7\u0131x\u0131\u015f kanallar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcc g\u00f6st\u0259ricisi<\/strong><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Bunu konnektordak\u0131 pinl\u0259rin say\u0131na bax\u0131b m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n etm\u0259k olar. K\u00f6hn\u0259 qida bloklar\u0131nda ad\u0259t\u0259n 20 pinli, yenil\u0259rind\u0259 is\u0259 24 pinli konnektorlar olur.<\/p>\n

    Bloku hack etm\u0259zd\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l \u0259limiz\u0259ki qida blokunun k\u00f6hn\u0259 v\u0259 ya yeni model oldu\u011funu m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259yimiz biz\u0259\u00a0 g\u00fcc m\u00fcqavim\u0259tinin se\u00e7imi zaman\u0131 \u00e7ox yard\u0131m\u00e7\u0131 olacaq. Komp\u00fcter qida bloklar\u0131 impuls rejimli (Switching-mode Power Supply)<\/strong> olduqlar\u0131ndan normal i\u015f rejimini t\u0259min etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn blokun \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f\u0131nda daim m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n q\u0259d\u0259r y\u00fck (dummy load) olmal\u0131d\u0131r (t\u0259xm. 2-4 Watt). B\u0259zi qida bloklar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7\u0259risind\u0259 bel\u0259 y\u00fck art\u0131q m\u00f6vcuddur, lakin h\u0259r ehtimala qar\u015f\u0131 bunu etm\u0259kd\u0259 fayda var.<\/p>\n

    \u00c7\u0131x\u0131\u015fda maksimal g\u00fcc hans\u0131 kanaldad\u0131rsa y\u00fck d\u0259 h\u0259min kanala \u0259lav\u0259 olunmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u018fg\u0259r bu kanal +5V-dursa onda m\u00fcqavim\u0259ti 10 Om, g\u00fcc\u00fc is\u0259 minimum 10 Watt olan resistordan istifad\u0259 etm\u0259liyik. Maksimal g\u00fcc +12V-dursa o zaman, 22 Om, 10Watt olan m\u00fcqavim\u0259td\u0259n istifad\u0259 etm\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    10 Om 10W Keramik g\u00fcc m\u00fcqavim\u0259tl\u0259ri<\/strong><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Qida bloklar\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00e7oxunun strukturu b\u0259nz\u0259r oldu\u011fundan, ox\u015far m\u0259nz\u0259r\u0259 il\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r\u0131q. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131 \u015f\u0259kil\u0259 diqq\u0259t yetir\u0259k.<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    Giri\u015f\u0259 veril\u0259n sabit c\u0259r\u0259yan dolaqlar (coil\/inductor) v\u0259 tutumlar vasit\u0259sil\u0259 filterl\u0259ndikd\u0259n sonra, k\u00f6rp\u00fc d\u00fczl\u0259ndiricisi v\u0259sit\u0259sil\u0259 y\u00fcks\u0259k g\u0259rginlikli sabit c\u0259r\u0259yana (HVDC High Voltage DC) \u00e7evrilir. \u015e\u0259kild\u0259 g\u00f6rd\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fcz iki b\u00f6y\u00fck filtr tutumlar\u0131 is\u0259 bu sabit c\u0259r\u0259yan\u0131 daha da stabill\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istifad\u0259 olunur. Daha sonra HVDC g\u00fcc tranzistorlari vasit\u0259sil\u0259 yenid\u0259n tezlik interval\u0131\u00a0\u00a050-60 KHz<\/em>\u00a0olan d\u0259yi\u015f\u0259n c\u0259r\u0259yana \u00e7evrilir. Bu ona g\u00f6r\u0259 edilir ki, y\u00fcks\u0259k tezlikl\u0259rd\u0259 ki\u00e7ik transformator istifad\u0259 edil\u0259r\u0259k daha effektiv d\u00f6vr\u0259l\u0259r y\u0131\u011fmaq m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olur. Daha sonra transformatorun \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f\u0131nda m\u00fcxt\u0259lif nominall\u0131 d\u0259yi\u015f\u0259n g\u0259rginlikl\u0259r \u015fotki diodlar vasit\u0259sil\u0259 d\u00fczl\u0259ndirilir v\u0259 induktiv filtrl\u0259nm\u0259d\u0259n ke\u00e7\u0259r\u0259k, \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015fa verilir. Bununla yana\u015f\u0131, ATX qida bloklar\u0131nda \u00e7ox vaxt d\u00f6vr\u0259d\u0259ki inteqral mikrosxeml\u0259rin i\u015fini t\u0259min etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0259lav\u0259 (standby) az g\u00fccl\u00fc qida d\u00f6vr\u0259si olur. B\u0259n\u00f6v\u015f\u0259yi r\u0259ngli kabeld\u0259 olan g\u0259rginlik (+5V, max. 2A) bu d\u00f6vr\u0259 hesab\u0131na yarad\u0131lan g\u0259rginlikdir.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Kabell\u0259rin r\u0259ng kodu:<\/strong><\/h3>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ATX 1.0 versiyas\u0131 20 pinli konnektora sahibdir v\u0259 bu tipli qida bloklar\u0131nda -5V g\u0259rginliyi d\u0259 m\u00f6vcuddur (a\u011f kabel). A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da r\u0259ngl\u0259r\u0259 u\u011fun h\u0259r bir kabelin i\u015f prinsipi il\u0259 \u0259trafl\u0131 tan\u0131\u015f ola bil\u0259rsiniz.<\/p>\n