{"id":5884,"date":"2020-12-14T22:39:57","date_gmt":"2020-12-14T18:39:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/yusif.az\/main\/?p=5884"},"modified":"2020-12-14T22:39:57","modified_gmt":"2020-12-14T18:39:57","slug":"aciq-sisteml%c9%99rin-qarsiliqli-%c9%99laq%c9%99sini-t%c9%99min-ed%c9%99n-s%c9%99viyy%c9%99l%c9%99rin-xarakteristikasi-osi-modeli","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yusif.az\/main\/?p=5884","title":{"rendered":"A\u00e7\u0131q sisteml\u0259rin qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259sini t\u0259min ed\u0259n s\u0259viyy\u0259l\u0259rin xarakteristikas\u0131. OSI modeli"},"content":{"rendered":"
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A\u00e7\u0131q sisteml\u0259rin qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259sini t\u0259min ed\u0259n s\u0259viyy\u0259l\u0259rin xarakteristikas\u0131. OSI modeli<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

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Art\u0131q qeyd etdiyimiz kimi \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 proqram t\u0259minat\u0131n\u0131 qaydaya salmaq m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259, ist\u0259nil\u0259n kompyuter sisteml\u0259rinin qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259sini t\u0259\u015fkil etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn OSI modeli t\u0259klif edilmi\u015fdir. OSI etalon modeli a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131 7 s\u0259viyy\u0259ni \u00f6z\u00fcnd\u0259 birl\u0259\u015fdirir:
\n1. Fiziki s\u0259viyy\u0259;<\/em><\/strong>
\n2. \u00d6t\u00fcrm\u0259 x\u0259ttini idar\u0259 ed\u0259n s\u0259viyy\u0259 v\u0259 ya kanal s\u0259viyy\u0259si;<\/em><\/strong>
\n3. \u015e\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259si;<\/em><\/strong>
\n4. N\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259si;<\/em><\/strong>
\n5. Seans s\u0259viyy\u0259si;<\/em><\/strong>
\n6. T\u0259qdimatlar (n\u00fcmayi\u015f) s\u0259viyy\u0259si;<\/em><\/strong>
\n7. T\u0259tbiq s\u0259viyy\u0259si.<\/em><\/strong>
\nFiziki s\u0259viyy\u0259 OSI mdelind\u0259 \u0259n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 s\u0259viyy\u0259dir v\u0259 bilavasit\u0259 veril\u0259nl\u0259r selinin \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulmu\u015fdur. Bu s\u0259viyy\u0259 elektrik v\u0259 ya optik siqnallar\u0131n kabel\u0259 v\u0259 ya padioefir\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259sini, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 onlar\u0131n q\u0259bul edilm\u0259sini v\u0259 r\u0259q\u0259msal siqnallar\u0131n kodla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 metod-lar\u0131na uy\u011fun olaraq bitl\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7evrilm\u0259sini t\u0259min edir. Ba\u015fqa s\u00f6zl\u0259, bu s\u0259viyy\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 qur\u011fular\u0131 aras\u0131nda interfeys rolu oynay\u0131r. Konsentratorlar v\u0259 siqnal t\u0259krarlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 bu s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259yir.
\nFiziki s\u0259viyy\u0259nin funksiyalar\u0131 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259y\u0259 qo\u015fulan b\u00fct\u00fcn qur\u011fular\u0131n ham\u0131s\u0131nda realla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Kompyuter t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n fiziki s\u0259viyy\u0259 funksiyalar\u0131 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 adapteri v\u0259 ya ard\u0131c\u0131l portla yerin\u0259 yetirilir. \u0130ki sistem aras\u0131ndak\u0131 fiziki, elektrik v\u0259 mexaniki interfeysl\u0259r fiziki s\u0259viyy\u0259y\u0259 aiddir. Veril\u0259nl\u0259rin \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si m\u00fchitinin m\u00fcxt\u0259lif tipl\u0259ri hesab edil\u0259n burulmu\u015f naqill\u0259r c\u00fct\u00fc, optik telli kabell\u0259r, koaksial kabell\u0259r, veril\u0259nl\u0259rin \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istifad\u0259 edil\u0259n peyk rabit\u0259 kanallar\u0131 bilavasit\u0259 fiziki s\u0259viyy\u0259 il\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259yir. V35, RS-232, RS-485, RJ-11, RJ-45 kimi adland\u0131r\u0131lan tipik s\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 interfeysl\u0259ri, h\u0259m\u00e7inin AUI v\u0259 BNC kimi ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar bilavasit\u0259 fiziki s\u0259viyy\u0259y\u0259 aiddir.
\nFiziki s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 siqnallar\u0131n \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fcxt\u0259lif protokollardan istifad\u0259 edilir.
\nFiziki s\u0259viyy\u0259<\/strong><\/span> – \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 kompyuteri il\u0259 diskret s\u0131qnallar\u0131 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u0259n m\u00fchit aras\u0131nda interfeys t\u0259\u015fkil edir. Bu s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 informasiya vahidi kimi q\u0259bul edilm\u0131\u015f bitl\u0259r ard\u0131c\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131 abonent kanallar\u0131 il\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Fiziki kanallar\u0131n k\u00f6m\u0259yi il\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcrm\u0259 prosesinin \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc idar\u0259 etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn veril\u0259nl\u0259ri saxlayan kadr\u0131n \u0259vv\u0259li v\u0259 sonu olur, bunlar qeyd edilir. H\u0259m\u00e7inin, m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n t\u0259bi\u0259tli siqnal\u0131n formala\u015fmas\u0131 v\u0259 q\u0259bulu t\u0259\u015fkil edilir. Fiziki s\u0259viyy\u0259nin standartlar\u0131 (X21, X21bis) t\u0259limatlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259l\u0259bl\u0259rin\u0259 uy\u011fun haz\u0131rlan\u0131r. Bu t\u0259limatlar\u0131n k\u00f6m\u0259yi il\u0259 texniki v\u0259 prosedur xarakteristikalar m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n olunur ki, bunlarla vasit\u0259sil\u0259 fiziki birl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259l\u0259rin aktivl\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259si h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilir.
\nKanal s\u0259viyy\u0259si<\/span><\/strong> – \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rin fiziki s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259rinin t\u0259min edilm\u0259si v\u0259 ba\u015f ver\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259k s\u0259hvl\u0259r\u0259 n\u0259zar\u0259t etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulmu\u015fdur. Kanal s\u0259viyy\u0259si fiziki s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259n al\u0131nan veril\u0259nl\u0259ri kadrlara yerl\u0259\u015fdirir, laz\u0131m olanda s\u0259hvl\u0259ri d\u00fcz\u0259ldir (z\u0259d\u0259li kadrlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259krar sor\u011fu formala\u015fd\u0131r\u0131r) v\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259sin\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259rir. Kanal s\u0259viyy\u0259si bir v\u0259 ya bir ne\u00e7\u0259 fiziki s\u0259viyy\u0259 il\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259d\u0259 ola bil\u0259r, bel\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 h\u0259m n\u0259zar\u0259ti h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irir, h\u0259m d\u0259 onlar\u0131 idar\u0259 ed\u0259 bil\u0259r.
\n\u0130EEE 802 spesifikasiyas\u0131 bu s\u0259viyy\u0259ni iki alt s\u0259viyy\u0259y\u0259 b\u00f6l\u00fcr: MAC (media access control) v\u0259 LLC (logical link control) alt s\u0259viyy\u0259l\u0259ri. MAC (media access control) alt s\u0259viyy\u0259si b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u0259n fiziki s\u0259viyy\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 m\u00fcrac\u0131\u0259tl\u0259ri t\u0259nziml\u0259yir. LLC (logical link control) alt s\u0259viyy\u0259si is\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259sin\u0259 xidm\u0259ti t\u0259min edir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131 sxeml\u0259rd\u0259 (\u015f\u0259kil 3.1) alt s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 (LLC) m\u0259ntiqi kanal\u0131n idar\u0259 edilm\u0259si strukturu v\u0259 (MAC) m\u00fchitd\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259tin idar\u0259 olunmas\u0131 protokolunun format\u0131 verilmi\u015fdir.<\/span><\/p>\n

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LLC s\u0259viyy\u0259sinin yarad\u0131lmas\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar OSI modelind\u0259 IEEE komit\u0259si 802 standart\u0131n\u0131 iki s\u0259viyy\u0259y\u0259 ay\u0131rd\u0131:
\n* m\u0259ntiqi kanal\u0131n idar\u0259 edilm\u0259si (Logical Link Control \u2013 LLC);
\n* muhitd\u0259 m\u00fcraci\u0259tin idar\u0259 olunmas\u0131 (Media Access Control \u2013 MAC).<\/p>\n

LLC s\u0259viyy\u0259sinin m\u00fcxt\u0259lif n\u00f6vl\u0259ri vard\u0131r. Buna baxmayaraq m\u00fct\u0259x\u0259ssisl\u0259r bel\u0259 q\u0259rara g\u0259lmi\u015fl\u0259r ki, t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259d\u0259 kadrlar\u0131n etibarl\u0131 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl-m\u0259sind\u0259 LLC s\u0259viyy\u0259si \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc do\u011frultmam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.
\nKommutatorlar, k\u00f6rp\u00fcl\u0259r v\u0259 bir s\u0131ra dig\u0259r qur\u011fular kanal s\u0259viyy\u0259sinin protokollari il\u0259 idad\u0259 olunur.
\nProqramla\u015fd\u0131rmada bu s\u0259viyy\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 platas\u0131n\u0131n drayveri kimi t\u0259qdim edilir. \u018fm\u0259liyyat sisteml\u0259rind\u0259 is\u0259 kanal v\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259l\u0259rinin \u00f6z ara-lar\u0131nda qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259sini t\u0259min ed\u0259n proqram interfeysi olur. Bu yeni s\u0259viyy\u0259 deyil. Sad\u0259c\u0259 olaraq modelin konkret \u0259m\u0259liyyat sistemi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn realla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bel\u0259 interfeysl\u0259r\u0259 n\u00fcmun\u0259 kimi ODL (Open Data-Link \u0130nterface \u2013 drayverl\u0259rin v\u0259 prototollar steki il\u0259 himay\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259sinin mo-dullar\u0131 ODL interfeysini \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259tirir), NDIS (Network Driver Interface Specification \u2013 \u015e\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 adapterl\u0259rinin standart interfeys spesifikasiyas\u0131), UDL (Unified Display \u0130nterface \u2013 unifikasiyaedilmi\u015f video interfeys) v\u0259 s. g\u00f6st\u0259ril\u0259 bil\u0259r.
\nKanal s\u0259viyy\u0259sinin \u0259sas funksiyas\u0131 rabit\u0259 kanallar\u0131 il\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u0259n informasiyan\u0131n idar\u0259 edilm\u0259sind\u0259n ibar\u0259tdir. \u00d6t\u00fcrm\u0259nin etibarl\u0131l\u0131q ehti-mal\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn kanal s\u0259viyy\u0259nin prosedurunda veril\u0259nl\u0259rin izafi daxil edilm\u0259si, veril\u0259nl\u0259rin t\u0259krar\u0259n \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si v\u0259 dig\u0259r \u00fcsullar t\u0259tbiq edil\u0259 bil\u0259r. Bu \u00fcsullarla formala\u015fan veril\u0259nl\u0259r kadrlar \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 qrupla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Kanal s\u0259viyy\u0259si obyektl\u0259r aras\u0131nda veril\u0259nl\u0259rin m\u00fcbadil\u0259sini a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00fcsullardan biri il\u0259 yerin\u0259 yetirir:
\nDupleks<\/strong> – eyni zamanda h\u0259r iki istiqam\u0259td\u0259;
\nYar\u0131mdupleks<\/strong> – m\u00fcxt\u0259lif vaxtlarda h\u0259r 2 istiqam\u0259td\u0259;
\nSimpleks<\/strong> – yaln\u0131z bir istiqam\u0259td\u0259.<\/p>\n

\u015e\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259si.<\/strong><\/span> OS\u0130 modelinin \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259si veril\u0259nl\u0259rin \u00f6turul-m\u0259si il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar yolun (trafikin) m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edilm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutul-mu\u015fdur. M\u0259ntiqi \u00fcnvanlar\u0131n, adlar\u0131n fiziki adlara v\u0259 \u00fcnvanlara translyasiya olunmas\u0131na, q\u0131sa mar\u015frutun m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n olunmas\u0131na, \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259d\u0259 ba\u015f ver\u0259n nasazl\u0131qlar\u0131n v\u0259 \u201ct\u0131xac\u201dlar\u0131n izl\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259 cavab verir.
\n\u015e\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259sinin protokollar\u0131n\u0131n \u0259sas funksiyas\u0131 veril\u0259nl\u0259ri m\u0259nb\u0259d\u0259n istifad\u0259\u00e7iy\u0259 mar\u015frutla\u015fdmaqdan ibar\u0259tdir. Bu s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259y\u0259n qur\u011fular\u0131 (mar\u015frutla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 v\u0259 kommutatorlar\u0131) OS\u0130 modelinin s\u0259viyy\u0259 n\u00f6mr\u0259si n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 al\u0131nmaqla \u015f\u0259rti olaraq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0259viyy\u0259 qur\u011fular\u0131 adlan-d\u0131r\u0131rlar.
\n\u015e\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259sind\u0259 veril\u0259nl\u0259rin m\u0259nb\u0259d\u0259n istifad\u0259\u00e7il\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fcxt\u0259lif protokollardan istifad\u0259 edilir.
\n\u015e\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259si \u2013 bloklar\u0131n v\u0259 paketl\u0259rin \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 bloklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259sini t\u0259min edir. Burada m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan mar\u015frutlardan birinin se\u00e7ilm\u0259si (\u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259nin y\u00fck\u00fc, konfiqurasiyan\u0131n d\u0259yi\u015fdiyi hallar) giri\u015f veril\u0259n-l\u0259rin idar\u0259 olunmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ifad\u0259l\u0259rin bufer yadda\u015f\u0131ndan istifad\u0259 edilm\u0259si v\u0259 s. m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r h\u0259ll edilir. Burada \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 protokolunun \u0259sas funksiyas\u0131 h\u0259r bir<\/p>\n

fiziki kanal \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn 4096-ya q\u0259d\u0259r m\u0259ntiqi kanal\u0131n qurulmas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259\u015fkil etm\u0259k-dir. Bu da fiziki kanalda \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 resurslar\u0131n\u0131n daha s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259li istifad\u0259sini t\u0259min edir.
\nN\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259si.<\/span><\/strong> – N\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259sinin \u0259sas funksiyas\u0131 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 paketl\u0259rind\u0259n ibar\u0259t olan m\u0259lumatlar\u0131 t\u0259l\u0259b olunan \u00fcnvana \u00e7atd\u0131rmaqd\u0131r. Bu m\u0259qs\u0259dl\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 proqram t\u0259minat\u0131ndak\u0131 n\u0259ql edil\u0259n obyektl\u0259rin \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl-m\u0259sini t\u0259min ed\u0259n hiss\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u0259n obyektl\u0259rd\u0259ki m\u0259lumatlar\u0131 paketl\u0259\u015fdirir v\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u0259n paket q\u0259buledici obyekt\u0259 \u00e7atanda h\u0259min paketin m\u0259lumatlar\u0131 paketd\u0259n \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131l\u0131r. Bundan \u0259lav\u0259 n\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259si uy\u011fun \u015fl\u00fczl\u0259rd\u0259n istifad\u0259 etm\u0259kl\u0259, prinsip etibaril\u0259, f\u0259rqli olan \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rin uy\u011funla\u015f-d\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 k\u00f6rp\u00fcl\u0259rd\u0259n ist\u0131fad\u0259 etm\u0259kl\u0259 eyni tipli \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 obyekt-l\u0259rinin uy\u011funla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min edir. G\u00f6nd\u0259ril\u0259n b\u00fct\u00fcn paketl\u0259rin q\u0259bul olunmas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn kvitl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259nin k\u00f6m\u0259yi il\u0259 q\u0259bzl\u0259rin g\u00f6n-d\u0259rilm\u0259 \u00fcsulu t\u0259tbiq edilir. Q\u0259bul edilm\u0259ni t\u0259sdiq ed\u0259n q\u0259bzl\u0259r q\u0259bul-edicil\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n bir v\u0259 ya bir ne\u00e7\u0259 paketin q\u0259bul edildiyi bar\u0259d\u0259 m\u0259lu-matlarla z\u0259nginl\u0259\u015f\u0259nd\u0259n sonra \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u0259 bil\u0259r. Buna \u00e7ox vaxt \u00abp\u0259nc\u0259r\u0259 mexanizmi\u00bb d\u0259 deyilir. \u00c7ox da pis olmayan rabit\u0259 zaman\u0131 bel\u0259 mexanizmin t\u0259tbiq edilm\u0259si xidm\u0259ti informasiyan\u0131n g\u00f6nd\u0259rilm\u0259si il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 kommu-nikasiya \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259sin\u0259 d\u00fc\u015f\u0259n y\u00fck\u00fc xeyli azaltma\u011fa imkan yarad\u0131r. Hal-haz\u0131rda n\u0259qliyyat protokoluna n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259n 5 servis sinfi m\u00f6vcuddur (1\u00f75). Bunlar, \u0259sas\u0259n m\u0259lumatlar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck s\u0259viyy\u0259sin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259rilm\u0259sinin t\u0259min edilm\u0259si, veril\u0259nl\u0259rin n\u0259ql edilm\u0259si il\u0259 ba\u015f ver\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259k s\u0259hvl\u0259rd\u0259n s\u0131\u011fortalanma, h\u0259m\u00e7inin, \u015fifrl\u0259n\u0259n veril\u0259nl\u0259ri m\u0259xfi saxlamaq x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 f\u0259rql\u0259nir.
\nOSI modelind\u0259 n\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259si veril\u0259nl\u0259rin g\u00f6nd\u0259r\u0259nd\u0259n q\u0259bul ed\u0259c\u0259yi etibarl\u0131 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259sinin t\u0259min edilm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulmu\u015fdur. Etibarl\u0131l\u0131q s\u0259viyy\u0259sinin \u00f6zu b\u00f6y\u00fck h\u00fcdudlarda variasiya ed\u0259 bilir. N\u0259qliy-yat s\u0259viyy\u0259sin\u0259 aid olan protokollar\u0131n bir \u00e7ox sinifl\u0259ri t\u0259kc\u0259 \u0259sas n\u0259qliyyat funksiyalar\u0131n\u0131 yerin\u0259 yetirir. Bel\u0259 protokollar g\u00f6nd\u0259ril\u0259n veril\u0259nl\u0259rin \u00fcnvana \u00e7atmas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259sdiq etmir. El\u0259 protokollar da var ki, onlar veril\u0259nl\u0259r paketl\u0259rinin bir ne\u00e7\u0259sinin m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n olunmu\u015f ard\u0131c\u0131ll\u0131qla t\u0259yinat m\u0259nt\u0259-q\u0259sin\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, veril\u0259nl\u0259r ax\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n idar\u0259 edilm\u0259sini t\u0259min edir v\u0259 q\u0259bul edil\u0259n veril\u0259nl\u0259rin etibarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na t\u0259minat verir. Bel\u0259 ki, UDP proto-kolu bir deytaqram \u00e7\u0259r\u00e7iv\u0259sind\u0259 veril\u0259nl\u0259rin taml\u0131\u011f\u0131na n\u0259zar\u0259ti h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irir, paketl\u0259rin b\u00fct\u00f6vl\u00fckd\u0259 itm\u0259sini v\u0259 ya t\u0259krarlanmas\u0131n\u0131, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 paketl\u0259rin al\u0131nma qaydas\u0131n\u0131n pozulmas\u0131n\u0131 istsna etmir. TCP protokolu veril\u0259nl\u0259rin fasil\u0259siz v\u0259 etibarl\u0131 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259sini t\u0259min edir, veril\u0259nl\u0259rin it-m\u0259sini, onlar\u0131n t\u0259krar g\u00f6nd\u0259rilm\u0259sini, daxilolma (\u00e7atd\u0131r\u0131lma) ard\u0131c\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n pozulmas\u0131n\u0131 istisna edir, irih\u0259cmli veril\u0259nl\u0259r porsiyalar\u0131n\u0131 fraqmentl\u0259r\u0259 b\u00f6l\u00fcr, ayr\u0131-ayr\u0131 fraqmentl\u0259ri bir paketd\u0259 birl\u0259\u015fdir\u0259 bilir.
\nSeans s\u0259viyy\u0259si.<\/strong> <\/span>OS\u0130 modelind\u0259 seans s\u0259viyy\u0259si seans \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259rinin t\u0259min edilm\u0259sini himay\u0259 edir v\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif \u0259lav\u0259l\u0259r (proqramlar) aras\u0131nda uzunm\u00fcdd\u0259tli qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259rin yarad\u0131lmas\u0131na imkan verir. Bu s\u0259viyy\u0259 seans\u0131n yarad\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 ba\u015fa \u00e7atd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, informasiya m\u00fcbadil\u0259sini, m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rin sinxronla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, veril\u0259nl\u0259rin \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si h\u00fcququnun m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edilm\u0259sini v\u0259 \u0259lav\u0259l\u0259r aktiv olmayan m\u00fcdd\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 seans\u0131n himay\u0259 edilm\u0259sini idar\u0259 edir.
\nSeans s\u0259viyy\u0259si <\/span>– daha y\u00fcks\u0259k s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 olan obyektl\u0259r aras\u0131nda \u0259laq\u0259 seans\u0131n\u0131 yarad\u0131r. Rabit\u0259 seans\u0131 t\u0259\u015fkil edildikd\u0259n sonra dig\u0259r obyekt\u0259 daxil olmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn obyektl\u0259rin s\u0259lahiyy\u0259ti yoxlan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu s\u0259viyy\u0259 d\u0259 n\u0259q-liyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259si kimi bir ne\u00e7\u0259 xidm\u0259t sinfin\u0259 aiddir.
\nT\u0259qdimat s\u0259viyy\u0259si<\/strong><\/span> protokollar\u0131n d\u0259yi\u015fdirilm\u0259sini (\u00e7evrilm\u0259sini), veril\u0259nl\u0259rin kodla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 dekodla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min edir. T\u0259tbiq s\u0259viyy\u0259sind\u0259n al\u0131nan sor\u011fular t\u0259qdimat s\u0259viyy\u0259sind\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 \u00fczr\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcrm\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn z\u0259ruri olan formata \u00e7evrilir, \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259d\u0259n al\u0131nan veril\u0259nl\u0259r is\u0259 \u0259lav\u0259l\u0259rin (uy\u011fun proqramlar\u0131n) format\u0131na \u00e7evrilir. OS\u0130 modelinin t\u0259qdimat s\u0259viyy\u0259-sind\u0259 veril\u0259nl\u0259rin s\u0131x\u0131lmas\u0131 v\u0259 s\u0131x\u0131lmadan azad edilm\u0259si, kodla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 v\u0259 dekodla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, h\u0259m\u00e7inin, lokal i\u015fl\u0259nm\u0259si m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan sor-\u011fular\u0131n dig\u0259r \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 resurslar\u0131na y\u00f6n\u0259ldilm\u0259si h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilir.
\nT\u0259qdimatlar s\u0259viyy\u0259si, ad\u0259t\u0259n, qon\u015fu s\u0259viyy\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n informasiyan\u0131 \u00e7evirm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn z\u0259ruri olan aral\u0131q protokollar t\u0259qdim edir. Bu f\u0259rqli kompyuter sisteml\u0259rind\u0259 \u0259lav\u0259l\u0259r aras\u0131nda onlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u015f\u0259ffaf olan m\u00fcbadi-l\u0259ni h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irm\u0259y\u0259 imkan verir. T\u0259qdimatlar s\u0259viyy\u0259si kodun formatla\u015f-d\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 \u00e7evrilm\u0259sini t\u0259min edir. Kodun formatla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u0259lav\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 emal \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn daxil olan informasiyan\u0131n h\u0259min \u0259lav\u0259l\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u0259nas\u0131n\u0131n olmas\u0131na t\u0259minat verm\u0259kd\u0259n \u00f6tr\u00fc istifad\u0259 edilir. Bu s\u0259viyy\u0259 z\u0259ruri olan hallarda veril\u0259nl\u0259ri bir formatdan dig\u0259r formata \u00e7evir\u0259 bilir. T\u0259qdimatlar s\u0259viyy\u0259si proqramlarda istifad\u0259 edil\u0259n veril\u0259nl\u0259rin formatlar\u0131ndan ba\u015fqa h\u0259m d\u0259 veril\u0259nl\u0259rin strukturu il\u0259 d\u0259 m\u0259\u015f\u011ful ol\u00fcr. Bel\u0259likl\u0259 ayd\u0131n olur ki, OSI modelind\u0259 alt\u0131nc\u0131 s\u0259viyy\u0259 olan t\u0259qdimatlar s\u0259viyy\u0259si veril\u0259nl\u0259rin \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si zaman\u0131 onlar\u0131n t\u0259\u015fkil edilm\u0259sini d\u0259 t\u0259min edir.
\nBu m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259ni daha \u0259trafl\u0131 izah etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131 m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259ni n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259n ke\u00e7ir\u0259k. Tutaq ki, iki sistem m\u00f6vcuddur. Veril\u0259nl\u0259rin t\u0259qdim edilm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bunlardan birincisi \u2013 dey\u0259k ki, \u0130BM kompaniyas\u0131n\u0131n meynfreymi EBCD\u0130C (Extend Binary Coded Interchange Code \u2013 \u0130nfor-masiya m\u00fcbadil\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn geni\u015fl\u0259ndirilmi\u015f ikilik onluq kod) informasiya m\u00fcbadil\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn geni\u015fl\u0259ndirilml\u015f ikilik koddan istifad\u0259 edir, ikincisi is\u0259 informasiya m\u00fcbadil\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ASC\u0130\u0130 american standart kodundan (dig\u0259r istehsal\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n kompyuterl\u0259rinin \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259tind\u0259 bu koddan istifad\u0259 edilir) istifad\u0259 edilir. Bu iki sistem aras\u0131nda informasiya m\u00fcbadil\u0259sini h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn iki m\u00fcxt\u0259lif format aras\u0131nda \u00e7evirm\u0259ni h\u0259yata ke\u00e7ir\u0259n t\u0259qdimat s\u0259viyy\u0259sinin olmas\u0131 z\u0259ruridir.
\nT\u0259qdimatlar s\u0259viyy\u0259sinin yerin\u0259 yetirdiyi dig\u0259r funksiya \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u0259n informasiyan\u0131 sanksiyala\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmayan al\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n q\u0259bul ed\u0259 bilm\u0259m\u0259sinin t\u0259min edilm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn veril\u0259nl\u0259rin \u015fifrl\u0259nm\u0259sidir. Bu problemi h\u0259ll etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259qdimatlar s\u0259viyy\u0259sind\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n prosesl\u0259r v\u0259 kodlar veril\u0259nl\u0259rin \u00e7evril-m\u0259sini t\u0259min etm\u0259lidir. Bu s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 m\u0259tnl\u0259rin v\u0259 qrafik t\u0259svirl\u0259rin \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 \u00fczr\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259sini t\u0259min etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn z\u0259ruri olan m\u0259tnl\u0259ri s\u0131xan v\u0259 qrafik t\u0259svirl\u0259ri bit selin\u0259 \u00e7evir\u0259n alt proqramlar da m\u00f6vcud olur.
\nT\u0259qdimatlar s\u0259viyy\u0259sinin standartlar\u0131 h\u0259m d\u0259 qrafik t\u0259svirl\u0259rin t\u0259qdim olunma \u00fcsulunu m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edir. Bu m\u0259qs\u0259dl\u0259 proqramlar aras\u0131nda QuikDraw qrafikan\u0131n \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259tbiq edil\u0259n PICT t\u0259svir forma-t\u0131ndan istifad\u0259 edilir.
\nT\u0259qdimat\u0131n dig\u0259r format\u0131, ad\u0259t\u0259n y\u00fcks\u0259k burax\u0131l\u0131\u015fa malik olan rastr t\u0259svirl\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istifad\u0259 edil\u0259n TIFF tezl\u0259\u015fdirilmi\u015f t\u0259svir fayllar\u0131 format\u0131d\u0131r. T\u0259qdimatlar s\u0259viyy\u0259sinin n\u00f6vb\u0259ti standart\u0131 Fotoqrafiya \u00fczr\u0259 birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f ekspertl\u0259r qrupu (Joint Photographic Expert Group) t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f v\u0259 qrafik t\u0259svirl\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istifad\u0259 edil\u0259n JPEG format\u0131d\u0131r. Dig\u0259r qrup standartlara is\u0259 s\u0259sin v\u0259 kinofraqmentl\u0259rin t\u0259qdimat\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min ed\u0259n stan-dartlar aiddir. Bu qrupa musiqinin r\u0259q\u0259msal t\u0259qdim edilm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn MIDD (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) elektron musiqi al\u0259tl\u0259ri interfeysi, Kinomotoqrafiya \u00fczr\u0259 ekspert qrupu t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n haz\u0131rlanan v\u0259 videoro-likl\u0259rin s\u0131x\u0131lmas\u0131, kompakt diskl\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn kodla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, r\u0259q\u0259msal formada saxlanmas\u0131, 1,5 Mbit\/s s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istifad\u0259 edil\u0259n MPEG standart\u0131, Macintosh v\u0259 Power PC kompyuterl\u0259rd\u0259 yerin\u0259 yetiril\u0259n proq-ramlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn s\u0259s v\u0259 video elementl\u0259ri \u015f\u0259rh ed\u0259n QuicTime standart\u0131na aiddir.
\nT\u0259tbiqi s\u0259viyy\u0259<\/strong> <\/span>– informasiyan\u0131n \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcm\u0259sinin t\u0259tbiqi proqram t\u0259minat\u0131na cavabdehlik da\u015f\u0131y\u0131r.
\nOS\u0130 modelinin \u0259n yuxar\u0131 s\u0259viyy\u0259si olan t\u0259tbiqi s\u0259viyy\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 il\u0259 istifad\u0259\u00e7i \u0259lav\u0259l\u0259ri (t\u0259tbiqi proqramlar\u0131) aras\u0131nda qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259l\u0259ri t\u0259min edir. Ba\u015fqa s\u00f6zl\u0259, bu s\u0259viyy\u0259 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131lar\u0131 t\u0259min edir:
\n* \u0259lav\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 xidm\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259n istifad\u0259y\u0259, fayllara v\u0259 veril\u0259nl\u0259r baza-lar\u0131na m\u0259saf\u0259d\u0259n m\u00fcraci\u0259t\u0259, informasiyan\u0131n elektron po\u00e7tla \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl-m\u0259sin\u0259 imkan verir;
\n* xidm\u0259ti informasiyan\u0131n \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259sin\u0259 cavab verir;
\n* \u0259lav\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 s\u0259hvl\u0259r haqq\u0131nda informasiya t\u0259qdim edir;
\n* t\u0259qdimat s\u0259viyy\u0259sin\u0259 sor\u011fular formala\u015fd\u0131r\u0131r.
\nBu s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 protokollar y\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 istifad\u0259\u00e7il\u0259r\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 resurslar\u0131na, fayllara, \u00e7ap \u011fur\u011fusu v\u0259 Web-s\u0259hif\u0259sind\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif m\u0259tnl\u0259r\u0259, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 elektron po\u00e7t protokollar\u0131na m\u00fcraci\u0259tl\u0259rin (xidm\u0259tl\u0259rin) icaz\u0259sini t\u0259\u015fkil edir.
\nT\u0259tbiqi s\u0259viyy\u0259 protokollar\u0131na n\u00fcmun\u0259 kimi t\u0259tbiqi s\u0259viyy\u0259nin xidm\u0259t protokolunu (FTP), d\u00fcnya h\u00f6r\u00fcm\u00e7\u0259k torunun protokolunu (HTTP) hiperm\u0259tnl\u0259rin \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istifad\u0259 edilir, veril\u0259nl\u0259r\u0259 uzaqdan m\u00fcraci\u0259t protokolunu (Tel net), elektron po\u00e7tlar\u0131na x\u0131dm\u0259t protokolunu (POP), po\u00e7tlar\u0131 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u0259n sad\u0259 protokollar\u0131 (SMTP) v\u0259 s. g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259k olar.
\nG\u00f6st\u0259ril\u0259n bu 7 s\u0259viyy\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif m\u0259saf\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n kompyu-terl\u0259r aras\u0131nda veril\u0259nl\u0259rin modelind\u0259n istifad\u0259 etm\u0259kl\u0259 veril\u0259nl\u0259r m\u00fcba-dil\u0259sinin h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilm\u0259 prinsipini g\u00f6st\u0259rir. Veril\u0259nl\u0259rin m\u00fcbadil\u0259sini h\u0259yata ke\u00e7ir\u0259n proqram v\u0259 aparat elementl\u0259rinin qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259sini t\u0259min etm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn, \u0259sas\u0259n protokol v\u0259 interfeysd\u0259n istifad\u0259 olunur.
\nBurada protokol dedikd\u0259 eyni adl\u0131 s\u0259viyy\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 olan obyektl\u0259rin qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259 qaydalar\u0131 v\u0259 obyektl\u0259r aras\u0131nda bloklarla veril\u0259nl\u0259rinin t\u0259minat\u0131n\u0131 yerin\u0259 yetir\u0259n vasit\u0259l\u0259r ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcr. Misal olaraq OSI t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n q\u0259bul edilmi\u015f y\u00fcks\u0259ks\u0259viyy\u0259li veril\u0259nl\u0259rin \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259sin\u0259 n\u0259zar\u0259t sistemini g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259k olar.
\n\u0130nterfeys qon\u015fu s\u0259viyy\u0259l\u0259r aras\u0131nda qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259 prosedurlar\u0131n\u0131 idar\u0259 ed\u0259n v\u0259 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istifad\u0259 edil\u0259n proqram-aparat kompleksidir. Bel\u0259 interfeysl\u0259r\u0259 misal olaraq X.25-i g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259k olar. Bu interfeysin k\u00f6m\u0259yi il\u0259 \u00fcmumi istifad\u0259 olunan veril\u0259nl\u0259rin \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259y\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl-m\u0259si v\u0259 qo\u015fulmas\u0131 t\u0259min edilir. Protokollar\u0131n t\u0259limatlar\u0131nda veril\u0259nl\u0259rin son avadanl\u0131qlarla qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259 ard\u0131c\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6st\u0259rilir.<\/p>\n

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M\u0259lumat: KOMPYUTER \u015e\u018fB\u018fK\u018fL\u018fR\u0130N\u0130N \u018fSASLARI d\u0259rs v\u0259saitin\u0259 aiddir.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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