{"id":663,"date":"2017-03-13T22:56:39","date_gmt":"2017-03-13T18:56:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/yusif.az\/main\/?p=663"},"modified":"2017-03-13T22:56:39","modified_gmt":"2017-03-13T18:56:39","slug":"broadcast-v%c9%99-multicast-n%c9%99dir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yusif.az\/main\/?p=663","title":{"rendered":"Broadcast v\u0259 Multicast n\u0259dir?"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Broadcast v\u0259 Multicast Haqq\u0131nda<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

Broadcast n\u0259dir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Broadcast \u00fcnvan, \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259r aras\u0131 \u00fcnsiyy\u0259td\u0259, g\u00f6nd\u0259ril\u0259n m\u0259lumat paketinin \u00e7oxlu daxilolma ba\u011fl\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn cihazlar t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n ist\u0259ndiyini ifad\u0259 ed\u0259n x\u00fcsusi bir \u00fcnvand\u0131r. Komp\u00fcterl\u0259rin broadcast \u00fcnvan\u0131na g\u00f6nd\u0259ril\u0259n mesaj spesifik olaraq t\u0259k bir komp\u00fcter t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n al\u0131nmaz, mesaj \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259y\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn komp\u00fcterl\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n

IP \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 IPv4 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259, broadcast \u00fcnvanlar komp\u00fcterl\u0259rin \u015f\u0259xsiyy\u0259t \u00fcnvanlar\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n \u0259n\u0259n\u0259vi olaraq bir IP \u00fcnvan\u0131n\u0131n istirah\u0259t etm\u0259sini i\u00e7erir.B\u00fct\u00fcn sah\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 standart bir broadcast adres istifad\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn RFC 919 t\u0259yin edilmi\u015fdir. Broadcast adres metoddan ilk d\u0259f\u0259 1982-ci ild\u0259 R.Gurwitz v\u0259 R.Hinden t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n t\u0259klif edilmi\u015fdir.
\nBroadcast \u00fcnvan\u0131 tapmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn alt \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 (Subnet) maskas\u0131n\u0131 bitsel olaraq yaz\u0131r\u0131q.Daha sonra alt \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 maskas\u0131ndak\u0131 bu bitl\u0259rin s\u0131f\u0131r olanlar\u0131 bir, bir olanlar\u0131 s\u0131f\u0131r edib komp\u00fcterimizin IPv4 \u00fcnvan\u0131 il\u0259 bitsel olaraq OR \u0259m\u0259liyyat\u0131na tabe tuturuq.Elde etmi\u015f oldu\u011fumuz adres broadcast adres olmu\u015f olur.
\nN\u00fcmun\u0259: IP \u00fcnvan\u0131 172.16.0.0\/12 is\u0259 bu IP \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn alt \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 maskas\u0131 (subnet mask) 255.240.0.0 \u015f\u0259klind\u0259dir, broadcast adres 172.16.0.0 | 0.15.255.255 = 172.31.255.255 \u015f\u0259klind\u0259dir.
\n\u015e\u0259xsi t\u0259rifli IP \u00fcnvanlar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn broadcast \u00fcnvan olaraq 255.255.255.255 istifad\u0259 olunur.\u0130nternet protokol standartlar\u0131n da IP \u00fcnvan\u0131 olaraq s\u0131f\u0131r v\u0259 ya 0.0.0.0 \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 ifad\u0259 edil\u0259n IP \u00fcnvanlar\u0131 i\u00e7ind\u0259 olan (yerli) IP \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259sini ifad\u0259 etm\u0259kd\u0259dir.255.255.255.255 IP \u00fcnvan\u0131 i\u00e7ind\u0259 olan (yerli) \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259y\u0259 broadcast \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istifad\u0259 edil\u0259n \u00fcnvanlar\u0131 bir ba\u015fqa \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131rmaq m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r y\u0259ni yerli \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259d\u0259ki bir komp\u00fcter mar\u015frutla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 ba\u011flan\u0131b bir ba\u015fqa \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259y\u0259 bu \u00fcnvan\u0131 \u00e7atd\u0131ra bilm\u0259z.
\nIP broadcast BOOTP v\u0259 DHCP m\u00fc\u015ft\u0259ril\u0259r tapmaq v\u0259 onlar\u0131n \u0259laq\u0259dar serverl\u0259rin\u0259 ist\u0259k g\u00f6nd\u0259rm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istifad\u0259 edilir.
\nInternet Protocol Version 6, yeni n\u0259sil internet protokolunda, broadcast metodu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilm\u0259di, buna g\u00f6r\u0259 broadcast adres tan\u0131mlanmaz.Bunun yerin\u0259 IPv6 da multicast adres istifad\u0259 olunur.IPv6 protokollar\u0131na b\u00fct\u00fcn hostlar \u00fcnvan\u0131n\u0131 istifad\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bir t\u0259yin olmamas\u0131na baxmayaraq, bunun yerin\u0259 link-local multicast adres istifad\u0259 olunur.N\u0259tic\u0259d\u0259 bu \u00fcsul daha m\u0259hsuldard\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnki IPv6 protokolunda adres kosmosu \u00e7ox b\u00f6y\u00fck oldu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn broadcast adres yerin\u0259 multicast adres istifad\u0259si daha yax\u015f\u0131 n\u0259tic\u0259 ver\u0259c\u0259k.<\/p>\n

Multicast n\u0259dir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Multicast texnikas\u0131 eyni ax\u0131\u015f\u0131n (flow) bird\u0259n \u00e7ox al\u0131c\u0131ya g\u00f6nd\u0259rilm\u0259si \u0259snas\u0131nda bandgeni\u015fli\u011fi q\u0259na\u0259tini t\u0259min ed\u0259 bilm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ax\u0131\u015f\u0131n yaln\u0131z bir \u0259d\u0259d sur\u0259tinin \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259rilm\u0259si \u0259sas\u0131na s\u00f6yk\u0259n\u0259n texnikad\u0131r. \u0130ndiki vaxtda bir \u00e7ox t\u0259tbiq sah\u0259si var, IPTv d\u0259 istifad\u0259 canl\u0131 kanallar\u0131n IP \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 d\u0259 da\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 \u0259n g\u00f6z\u0259l n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n biridir, ya da h\u0259r hans\u0131 bir m\u0259kt\u0259bd\u0259 d\u0259rs veril\u0259rk\u0259n bu dersin dig\u0259r m\u0259kt\u0259bl\u0259rd\u0259n t\u0259qib edilm\u0259si, kamera g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fl\u0259rinin t\u0259hl\u00fck\u0259sizlik s\u0259b\u0259bi il\u0259 bir \u00e7ox uca \u0259laq\u0259dar g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fl\u0259ri t\u0259slim etm\u0259si kimi n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 veril\u0259 bil\u0259r . Multicast texnikan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fc bandgeni\u015fli\u011fini m\u0259hsuldar istifad\u0259 oldu\u011funu demi\u015fdik, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131 topolojik source il\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulan multicast m\u0259nb\u0259dir, m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n Source uzaqdan t\u0259hsil \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istifad\u0259 edil\u0259n multicast qaynaq server olsun v\u0259 \u00f6lk\u0259 daxilind\u0259 bu ax\u0131\u015f\u0131 alacaq 1000 d\u0259n\u0259 al\u0131c\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u0259k, ax\u0131\u015f\u0131n band geni\u015fliyinin 30 Mbps (HD n\u0259\u015fr) olsun, trafiki da\u015f\u0131yark\u0259n multicast istifad\u0259 ets\u0259k source t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259 1000 * 30 MB = 30Gbps l\u0131q \u0259laq\u0259y\u0259 ehtiyac duyar\u0131q, ayr\u0131ca m\u0259zmun eyni oldu\u011fu halda l\u00fczumsuzca 1000 d\u0259n\u0259 kopiyas\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259r\u0259 vermi\u015f olar\u0131q, bax\u0131n el\u0259 bu c\u00fcr ehtiyaclardan \u00f6t\u0259ri multicast \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tli bir yol tipi olaraq qar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131xmaqdad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Multicast Terminologiya
\n<\/strong>
\nMu\u0131lticast terminologiyas\u0131nda istifad\u0259 olunan \u0259sas anlay\u0131\u015flar a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da g\u00f6st\u0259rilmi\u015fdir.
\nMulticast \u00dcnvan \/ Qrup: Class D Ip blogu olub 224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255 aras\u0131 IP l\u0259ri \u0259hat\u0259 edir. Multicast Adresl\u0259r\u0259 Multicast Qrup IMSI-de verilir.
\nMulticast Source: Multicast n\u0259\u015fr ax\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fdurup h\u0259d\u0259f \u00fcnvan\u0131 multicast adres olan IP blokuna g\u00f6nd\u0259r\u0259n sisteml\u0259rdir.
\nReceiver: M\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n bir \/ bird\u0259n \u00e7ox multicast grup’a ba\u011flanmaq ist\u0259y\u0259n, y\u0259ni source’dan n\u0259\u015fr ax\u0131\u015f\u0131 almaq ist\u0259y\u0259n sisteml\u0259rdir.
\nFHR (First Hop Router): Multicast Source’un ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu ilk router’d\u0131r.
\nLHR (,): Receiver’\u0131n ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu ilk router’d\u0131r.
\nMulticast m\u00f6vzusunun dan\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerd\u0259 d\u0259rhal iki Protokoldan b\u0259hs etm\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r bunlardan 1.si PIM (Protocol Independent Multicast), ikinci is\u0259 IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol). Multicast trafiki da\u015f\u0131ya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0259r iki protokolunda IP \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259si t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259nm\u0259si laz\u0131md\u0131r.<\/p>\n

IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol)
\n<\/strong>
\nAl\u0131c\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259f v\u0259 LHR (Last Hop Router) t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n multicast qruplara ba\u011flanmaq (join) v\u0259 ya t\u0259rk etm\u0259k (leave) \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istifad\u0259 edil\u0259rl\u0259r. IGMPv2 \u0259n m\u0259\u015fhur versiyon olub yaln\u0131z (*, G) m\u0259lumat\u0131 al\u0131c\u0131 dan LHR’a g\u0259lir. Y\u0259ni al\u0131c\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259fin t\u0259k bildiyi hans\u0131 multicast qrupa join olmas\u0131 laz\u0131m oldu\u011fudur, m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n IPTV izl\u0259yirsiniz v\u0259 CNN kanal\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7maq izl\u0259yirsiniz bu v\u0259ziyy\u0259td\u0259 al\u0131c\u0131dan (Settop box yada Residential Gateway ola bil\u0259r) al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu LHR’a IGMP join mesaj\u0131 ged\u0259r. Bu mesaj\u0131n i\u00e7ind\u0259 CNN-nin multicast qrup IPsi (m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n 239.1.1.1) v\u0259 * m\u0259lumat\u0131 vard\u0131r. Burada “*” \u0131n m\u0259nas\u0131 “m\u0259n CNN kanal\u0131n\u0131n stream edildiyi multicast source IP sini bilmir\u0259m” dem\u0259kdir. \u018fg\u0259r istifad\u0259\u00e7i zaping edib bir sonrak\u0131 kanala ke\u00e7diyind\u0259, CNN \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn IGMP leave m\u0259lumat\u0131 g\u00f6nd\u0259rilir, yenikanal \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yen\u0259 IGMP join mesaj\u0131 yollan\u0131r. IGMPv3 il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 art\u0131q al\u0131c\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259f h\u0259r multicast qrup \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn source m\u0259lumat\u0131ndan x\u0259b\u0259rdar v\u0259ziyy\u0259td\u0259dir v\u0259 buna g\u00f6r\u0259 IGMP Join v\u0259 Leave mesajlar\u0131n\u0131 yollar. Art\u0131q al\u0131c\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259f IGMPv3 il\u0259 birlikd\u0259 CNN \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Join yollark\u0259n (S, G) olaraq ist\u0259k yollar, S burada source IP dem\u0259kdir, m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n (1.1.1.1, 239.1.1.1).<\/p>\n

PIM (Protocol Independent Multicast)<\/strong><\/p>\n

PIM protokolu t\u0259m\u0259ld\u0259 sparse v\u0259 dense olaraq ikiy\u0259 ayr\u0131lar. Dense mod’dan v\u0259 sparse-den se moddan bu m\u0259qal\u0259d\u0259 dan\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131r .En \u00e7ox istifad\u0259 olunan v\u0259 \u0259n m\u0259hsuldar olan \u00fcsul PIM sparse moddur. PIM’in b\u00fct\u00fcn multicast trafikinin ke\u00e7diyi yol g\u00fczergah\u0131ndaki IP routerlarda enable m\u00f6vqey\u0259 g\u0259tirilm\u0259si laz\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r. IGMPv2 istifad\u0259 v\u0259ziyy\u0259td\u0259 al\u0131c\u0131dan (*, G) olaraq Join g\u0259lir demi\u015fdik, bu m\u0259lumat router\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7atd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bizim bu paketi source’a ula\u015ft\u0131rabiliyor olmam\u0131z laz\u0131md\u0131r. \u0130\u015fd\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259d\u0259 sourcelar\u0131 bil\u0259n n\u00f6qt\u0259y\u0259 RP (Rendezvous Point) y\u0259ni Randevu Point deyilir, bu t\u0259rif ad\u0131 \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fm\u0259 n\u00f6qt\u0259si dem\u0259kdir y\u0259ni b\u00fct\u00fcn multicast paketl\u0259rin IGMPv2 istifad\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259yi ilk yer buras\u0131d\u0131r. RP d\u0259n sonra PIM protokl\u00fc il\u0259 paket source ‘a q\u0259d\u0259r route edilir, RP bu m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259d\u0259n sonra LHR’a source m\u0259lumat\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u0259y\u0259r v\u0259 al\u0131c\u0131dan LHR’a g\u0259l\u0259n paketl\u0259r art\u0131q RP’ ye g\u0259r\u0259k qalmadan birba\u015fa olaraq source’a do\u011fru y\u00f6n\u0259ldilmi\u015fdir. IGMPv3 te art\u0131q RP’ye ehtiyac yoxdur \u00e7\u00fcnki al\u0131c\u0131dan g\u0259l\u0259n paketd\u0259 onsuz source m\u0259lumat\u0131 oldu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn LHR d\u0259rhal multicast paketi source’a route ed\u0259r.<\/p>\n

Multicast T\u0259tbiq
\n<\/strong>
\nBurada izah ed\u0259c\u0259y\u0259m t\u0259tbiq t\u0259m\u0259l bir t\u0259tbiq olub multicast trafikinin ba\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fclm\u0259si bax\u0131m\u0131ndan kafi olacaq. \u018fvv\u0259lc\u0259 b\u00fct\u00fcn routerlarda Global “ip multicast-routing” \u0259mrinin girilm\u0259si laz\u0131md\u0131r. Daha sonra multicast trafikinin ke\u00e7\u0259c\u0259yi b\u00fct\u00fcn yerl\u0259rd\u0259 (interfacelerde) “ip sancaqlar ip sancaqlar sparse-mode” girilmelidir.A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da topolojik R1 source, R3 RP, R5 is\u0259 al\u0131c\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn routerlarda “ip sancaqlar rp-address 3.3.3.3” girib “sh ip sancaqlar rp “il\u0259 check ed\u0259 bil\u0259rik, ayr\u0131ca R1 d\u0259 fa0 \/ 0 (R2-y\u0259 baxan) Interfacenin” ip igmp join-group 239.1.1.1 “dey\u0259r\u0259k sanki R1 ‘e multicast source ba\u011fl\u0131ym\u0131\u015f kimi yapabiliriz.R5’tede” ping 239.1.1.1 “deyib sanki al\u0131c\u0131ym\u0131\u015f kimi s\u00fcni ed\u0259 bil\u0259rik, Ping cavab g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259kdir v\u0259 yol \u00fcst\u00fcnd\u0259 statistikas\u0131 ara\u015fd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda (sh ip sancaqlar interface detail) multicast paketl\u0259rin ke\u00e7diyi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u0259c\u0259k.<\/p>\n

N\u00fcmun\u0259 olaraq R3 router\u0131n\u0131n konfigrasyonunu ara\u015fd\u0131ra bil\u0259rik.<\/p>\n

host R3<\/p>\n

ip multicast-routing<\/p>\n

int fa0 \/ 0<\/p>\n

ip a dd 10.3.1.3 255.255.255.0<\/p>\n

ip sancaqlar sparse-mode<\/p>\n

int fa0 \/ 1<\/p>\n

ip add 10.2.1.3 255.255.255.0<\/p>\n

ip sancaqlar sparse-mode<\/p>\n

-Unicasting:<\/strong> Data mesaj\u0131m\u0131nda n\u00f6qt\u0259d\u0259n n\u00f6qt\u0259y\u0259 n\u0259\u015frini t\u0259min ed\u0259n protokoldur. Buna \u0259n g\u00f6z\u0259l n\u00fcmun\u0259 is\u0259; bir istifad\u0259\u00e7inin Gmail hesab\u0131na daxil oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u0259k, istifad\u0259\u00e7i ad\u0131 v\u0259 \u015fifr\u0259sini girdiyind\u0259 orada Gmail Server il\u0259 istifad\u0259\u00e7i aras\u0131nda realla\u015fan m\u0259lumatlar\u0131n \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si Unicasttir.<\/p>\n

-Anycasting:<\/strong> Mesaj\u0131n g\u00f6nd\u0259ril\u0259n \u00fcnvandak\u0131 istifad\u0259\u00e7il\u0259rd\u0259n \u0259n yax\u0131nda olan\u0131n almas\u0131d\u0131r. Bir protokol deyil bir qurulu\u015flanmad\u0131r.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

<\/div>
\r\n