{"id":961,"date":"2018-04-10T03:18:31","date_gmt":"2018-04-09T22:18:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/yusif.az\/main\/?p=961"},"modified":"2018-04-10T03:21:57","modified_gmt":"2018-04-09T22:21:57","slug":"inrernet-proqram-t%c9%99minatinin-s%c9%99viyy%c9%99l%c9%99ri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yusif.az\/main\/?p=961","title":{"rendered":"\u0130nrernet Proqram T\u0259minat\u0131n\u0131n S\u0259viyy\u0259l\u0259ri"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u0130nternet proqram t\u0259minat\u0131n\u0131n s\u0259viyy\u0259l\u0259ri<\/h3>\n

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\u015e\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 proqram t\u0259minat\u0131n\u0131n \u0259sas m\u0259qs\u0259di m\u0259lumatlar\u0131n bir ma\u015f\u0131ndan dig\u0259rin\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn infrastrukturun t\u0259min edilm\u0259sidir. \u0130nternetd\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcrm\u0259 proqram t\u0259minat\u0131n\u0131n hiss\u0259l\u0259rinin iyerarxiyas\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 ba\u015f verir. Bu hiss\u0259l\u0259r sizin bir \u015f\u0259h\u0259rd\u0259n dig\u0259r \u015f\u0259h\u0259rd\u0259 ya\u015fayan dostunuza h\u0259diyy\u0259 il\u0259 ba\u011flama g\u00f6nd\u0259rdikd\u0259 yerin\u0259 yetirdiyiniz\u0259 ox\u015far m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259ri yerin\u0259 yetirirl\u0259r. Siz h\u0259diyy\u0259ni qabla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131r, onun \u00fcz\u0259rind\u0259 \u00fcnvan\u0131 yaz\u0131r, sonra is\u0259 onu po\u00e7ta apar\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z. Po\u00e7tda ba\u011flaman\u0131 dig\u0259r ba\u011flamalarla birlikd\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck konteyner\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fdirirl\u0259r v\u0259 onu avia \u015firk\u0259t\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131r\u0131rlar. Avia \u015firk\u0259td\u0259 konteyneri t\u0259yyar\u0259y\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015fdirirl\u0259r v\u0259 t\u0259yinat yerin\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259rirl\u0259r. T\u0259yinat yerind\u0259 avia \u015firk\u0259t konteyneri t\u0259yyar\u0259d\u0259n g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr v\u0259 onu t\u0259yinat yerinin po\u00e7t xidm\u0259tin\u0259 t\u0259hvil verir. \u00d6z n\u00f6vb\u0259sind\u0259 po\u00e7t xidm\u0259ti ba\u011flaman\u0131 konteynerd\u0259n \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131r v\u0259 onu \u00fcnvana \u00e7atd\u0131r\u0131r<\/p>\n

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Bel\u0259likl\u0259, ba\u011flaman\u0131n g\u00f6nd\u0259rilm\u0259sini 3 s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259n ibar\u0259t olan iyerarxiya kimi t\u0259svir etm\u0259k olar:
\n1. istifad\u0259\u00e7i s\u0259viyy\u0259si (ba\u011flaman\u0131 g\u00f6nd\u0259r\u0259n v\u0259 ba\u011flaman\u0131 alan);
\n2. po\u00e7t xidm\u0259ti;
\n3. avia \u015firk\u0259t.
\nH\u0259r bir s\u0259viyy\u0259 abstrakt s\u0259viyy\u0259 kimi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259n istifad\u0259 edir. (Siz po\u00e7t xidm\u0259tinin i\u015finin inc\u0259likl\u0259rini bilmirsiniz, po\u00e7t xidm\u0259ti is\u0259 avia \u015firk\u0259tin daxili \u0259m\u0259liyyatlar\u0131n\u0131 bilmir.) \u0130yerarxiyan\u0131n h\u0259r bir s\u0259viyy\u0259si h\u0259m t\u0259yinat yerind\u0259, h\u0259m d\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259 yerind\u0259 n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 malikdir, bu zaman t\u0259yinat yerind\u0259ki n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259r \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259 yerind\u0259ki n\u00fcmay\u0259nd\u0259l\u0259rin yerin\u0259 yetirdiyi i\u015fl\u0259r\u0259 \u0259ks i\u015fl\u0259ri yerin\u0259 yetirirl\u0259r.
\nEynil\u0259, \u0130nternet vasit\u0259si il\u0259 m\u0259lumatlar \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr v\u0259 al\u0131n\u0131r, ancaq \u0130nternetin proqram<\/p>\n

t\u0259minat\u0131n\u0131n t\u0259rkibind\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7 deyil, 4 s\u0259viyy\u0259 vard\u0131r v\u0259 h\u0259r bir s\u0259viyy\u0259 insanlardan yox, proqramlardan ibar\u0259tdir. Bu d\u00f6rd s\u0259viyy\u0259 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131lard\u0131r:
\n1. T\u0259tbiqi;
\n2. N\u0259qliyyat;
\n3. \u015e\u0259b\u0259k\u0259;
\n4. Kanal.<\/p>\n

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\u0130nternetin h\u0259r bir ma\u015f\u0131n\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u0259viyy\u0259l\u0259r m\u00f6vc\u00fcddur. M\u0259lumat, ad\u0259t\u0259n, t\u0259tbiqi s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259 haz\u0131rlan\u0131r. Buradan o, g\u00f6nd\u0259rilm\u0259y\u0259 haz\u0131r olduqca, n\u0259qliyyat v\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259sin\u0259 ke\u00e7ir v\u0259 n\u0259hay\u0259t, kanal s\u0259viyy\u0259si vasit\u0259si il\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Kanal s\u0259viyy\u0259sind\u0259n yenid\u0259n b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u0259viyy\u0259l\u0259ri ke\u00e7\u0259r\u0259k, m\u0259lumat \u00e7atd\u0131r\u0131lma m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259sinin t\u0259tbiqi s\u0259viyy\u0259sin\u0259 g\u0259tirilir.
\nT\u0259tbiqi s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259n ba\u015flayaraq m\u0259lumat\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u0259viyy\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n ke\u00e7m\u0259si prosesini daha \u0259trafl\u0131 n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259n ke\u00e7ir\u0259k.<\/p>\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0G\u00f6nd\u0259rilm\u0259 yeri\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Aral\u0131q dayanacaqlar\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00c7atd\u0131r\u0131lma m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259si<\/strong><\/p>\n

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T\u0259tbiqi s\u0259viyy\u0259 <\/em><\/strong>proqram t\u0259minat\u0131n\u0131n el\u0259 vahidl\u0259rind\u0259n ibar\u0259tdir ki, onlar\u0131n funksiyalar\u0131n\u0131n h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u0130nternetl\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259 laz\u0131md\u0131r. Adlar\u0131n ox\u015farl\u0131\u011f\u0131na baxmayaraq, bu s\u0259viyy\u0259y\u0259 t\u0259kc\u0259 t\u0259tbiqi proqram t\u0259minat\u0131 daxil deyil. \u018fslind\u0259, t\u0259tbiqi s\u0259viyy\u0259nin hiss\u0259si hesab edil\u0259n bir \u00e7ox proqramlar xidm\u0259t\u00e7i proqram t\u0259minat\u0131na aiddir. N\u00fcmun\u0259 kimi FTP <\/em><\/strong>(ing. File Transfer Protocol <\/em>\u2013 fayllar\u0131n \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn protokol) protokolundan istifad\u0259 ed\u0259n fayllar\u0131n \u0130nternetl\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn proqramlar\u0131 g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259k olar. Bu proqramlar tamamlanm\u0131\u015f proqram paketi kimi bir yerd\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259nilmi\u015fl\u0259r v\u0259 FTP adlan\u0131rlar. Dig\u0259r n\u00fcmun\u0259 kimi telem\u00fcraci\u0259t <\/em><\/strong>(telnet<\/strong>) adlanan proqramlar paketini g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259k olar. O, istifad\u0259\u00e7iy\u0259 \u0130nternet vasit\u0259si il\u0259 uzaqla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ma\u015f\u0131na h\u0259min ma\u015f\u0131n\u0131n istifad\u0259\u00e7isi kimi m\u00fcraci\u0259t etm\u0259y\u0259 imkan ver\u0259n vasit\u0259 kimi haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. H\u0259r iki proqram paketi, h\u0259m FTP, h\u0259m d\u0259 Telnet \u0259vv\u0259lc\u0259 t\u0259tbiqi proqram t\u0259minat\u0131na aid olunurdular. Lakin bu g\u00fcn onlar f\u0259rdi kompyuterl\u0259rin \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259tinin d\u0259st\u0259kl\u0259diyi infrastrukturun bir hiss\u0259si olmu\u015flar. Proqram t\u0259minat\u0131n\u0131n bu vahidl\u0259ri haz\u0131rda veb-brauzer kimi daha b\u00f6y\u00fck proqramlar\u0131n strukturunda abstrakt al\u0259tl\u0259r kimi istifad\u0259 olunurlar. Bu m\u0259nada onlar xidm\u0259t\u00e7i proqram t\u0259minat\u0131na \u00e7evrilmi\u015fl\u0259r. Dig\u0259r bir xidm\u0259t\u00e7i proqram t\u0259minat\u0131 olan v\u0259 m\u0259lumat\u0131n \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn elektron po\u00e7t serverl\u0259rinin istifad\u0259 etdiyi SMTP <\/em><\/strong>(ing. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol <\/em>\u2013 elektron po\u00e7tun sad\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcrm\u0259 protokolu) protokolunu g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259k olar.<\/p>\n

T\u0259tbiqi s\u0259viyy\u0259 n\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259sind\u0259n \u0130nternet vasit\u0259si il\u0259 m\u0259lumatlar\u0131n \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si v\u0259 q\u0259bul edilm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istifad\u0259 edir. Siz po\u00e7t xidm\u0259tinin t\u0259l\u0259bl\u0259rin\u0259 uy\u011fun olaraq \u00fcnvan\u0131n yaz\u0131lmas\u0131na cavabdeh oldu\u011funuz kimi, t\u0259tbiqi s\u0259viyy\u0259 n\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259sin\u0259 uy\u011fun olan \u00fcnvan\u0131n t\u0259min edilm\u0259sin\u0259 cavabdehdir. M\u0259hz bu \u015f\u0259rti yerin\u0259 yetirm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u0259tbiqi s\u0259viyy\u0259 domen adlar\u0131n\u0131n serverl\u0259rin\u0259 insan t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n istifad\u0259 edil\u0259n mnemonik \u00fcnvan\u0131n \u0130nternet\u0259 uy\u011fun IP \u00fcnvana \u00e7evrilm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn sor\u011fular g\u00f6nd\u0259rir.<\/p>\n

N\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259sinin <\/em><\/strong>\u0259sas v\u0259zif\u0259si ondan ibar\u0259tdir ki, t\u0259tbiqi s\u0259viyy\u0259nin m\u0259lumatlar\u0131n\u0131 q\u0259bul etsin v\u0259 onlar\u0131n \u0130nternet vasit\u0259si il\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn d\u00fczg\u00fcn format\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min etsin. Sonuncu funksiyan\u0131 yerin\u0259 yetirm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn n\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259si b\u00f6y\u00fck m\u0259lumatlar\u0131 ki\u00e7ik seqmentl\u0259r\u0259 b\u00f6l\u00fcr, hans\u0131lar ki, \u0130nternet vasit\u0259si il\u0259 ayr\u0131-ayr\u0131 bloklar kimi \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrl\u0259r. Bel\u0259 b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u0259 z\u0259ruridir, \u00e7\u00fcnki \u00e7oxlu m\u0259lumat\u0131n k\u0259si\u015fdiyi yerl\u0259rd\u0259 bir uzun m\u0259lumat dig\u0259r m\u0259lumatlar\u0131n \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259sini \u00e7\u0259tinl\u0259\u015fdir\u0259 bil\u0259r. Ki\u00e7ik seqmentl\u0259r bu yerd\u0259n ke\u00e7\u0259 bil\u0259r, uzun m\u0259lumat is\u0259 dig\u0259r m\u0259lumatlar\u0131 g\u00f6zl\u0259m\u0259y\u0259 m\u0259cbur ed\u0259r.<\/p>\n

N\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259si m\u0259lumat\u0131n seqmentl\u0259rin\u0259 s\u0131ra n\u00f6mr\u0259si \u0259lav\u0259 edir ki, t\u0259yinat m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259sind\u0259 onlar\u0131 yenid\u0259n bir m\u0259lumatda birl\u0259\u015fdirm\u0259k m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olsun. Sonra o, paket <\/em><\/strong>(ing. packet<\/em>) adlanan h\u0259r seqment\u0259 t\u0259yinat m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259sinin \u00fcnvan\u0131n\u0131 qo\u015fur v\u0259 onu \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259sin\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr. Bu andan etibar\u0259n t\u0259yinat m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259sin\u0259 \u00e7atana q\u0259d\u0259r paketl\u0259r\u0259 bir-biri il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259d\u0259 olmayan ayr\u0131-ayr\u0131 m\u0259lumatlar kimi bax\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Paketl\u0259r t\u0259yinat m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259sin\u0259 \u00e7atana q\u0259d\u0259r \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259si <\/em><\/strong>al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f paketl\u0259rin bir \u0130nternet \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259sind\u0259n dig\u0259rin\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259sini izl\u0259yir. Dem\u0259li, m\u0259hz \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259si \u0130nternet topologiyas\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259lid\u0131r. X\u00fcsusi halda, \u0259g\u0259r paketin yolu \u00e7oxlu ayr\u0131-ayr\u0131 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n ke\u00e7irs\u0259, m\u0259hz \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259si h\u0259r bir aral\u0131q dayanacaqda paketin g\u00f6nd\u0259rilm\u0259li oldu\u011fu sonrak\u0131 \u00fcnvan\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edir. H\u0259r paket\u0259 aral\u0131q t\u0259yinat m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259sinin \u00fcnvan\u0131n\u0131 yazaraq o, bu v\u0259zif\u0259ni yerin\u0259 yetirir. Aral\u0131q \u00fcnvan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dak\u0131 kimi m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edilir: \u0259g\u0259r paketin son t\u0259yinat m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259si veril\u0259n \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259d\u0259dirs\u0259, onda yaz\u0131lan \u00fcnvan son t\u0259yinat m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259sinin \u00fcnvan\u0131n\u0131n sur\u0259tidir; \u0259ks halda veril\u0259n \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259nin mar\u015frutizatorunun \u00fcnvan\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r, hans\u0131n\u0131n ki, vasit\u0259sil\u0259 paketi qon\u015fu \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259y\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcrm\u0259k olar. Y\u0259ni, cari \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259nin ma\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutulan paket h\u0259min ma\u015f\u0131na \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr, dig\u0259r \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259d\u0259 yerl\u0259\u015f\u0259n ma\u015f\u0131na \u00fcnvanlanan paket is\u0259 bir \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259d\u0259n dig\u0259rin\u0259 yolunu davam edir.<\/p>\n

Aral\u0131q t\u0259yinat m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259sini m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n ed\u0259r\u0259k \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259si paket\u0259 \u00fcnvan\u0131 yaz\u0131r v\u0259 onu kanal s\u0259viyy\u0259sin\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

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Kanal s\u0259viyy\u0259si <\/em><\/strong>ma\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yerl\u0259\u015fdiyi \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259y\u0259 xas olan m\u0259lumat \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259sinin b\u00fct\u00fcn detallar\u0131n\u0131n n\u0259z\u0259r\u0259 al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min edir. \u018fg\u0259r bu \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 ni\u015fan vasit\u0259si il\u0259 idar\u0259 olunan halqavari \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259dirs\u0259, o, m\u0259lumat\u0131 g\u00f6nd\u0259rm\u0259kd\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l ni\u015fan\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zl\u0259yir. \u018fg\u0259r \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259d\u0259 CSMA\/CD protokolu istifad\u0259 olunursa, kanal s\u0259viyy\u0259si \u015finin bo\u015falmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zl\u0259yir. Bundan ba\u015fqa, \u0130nternetin ayr\u0131-ayr\u0131 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259ri \u00f6z m\u0259xsusi \u00fcnvanlar sistemin\u0259 malikdirl\u0259r. Bu sistem \u0130nternetd\u0259 istifad\u0259 edil\u0259n \u00fcnvanlar sistemind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 deyil. \u015e\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n bir \u00e7oxu sahibl\u0259ri t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n \u0130nternet\u0259 qo\u015fulmazdan xeyli \u0259vv\u0259l f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259rirdil\u0259r. Ona g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 kanal s\u0259viyy\u0259si paket\u0259 yaz\u0131lan \u0130nternet-\u00fcnvan\u0131 yerli \u00fcnvanlar sistemin\u0259 uy\u011fun olan \u00fcnvana \u00e7evirm\u0259lidir.<\/p>\n

H\u0259r d\u0259f\u0259 paket \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fckd\u0259 ma\u015f\u0131n\u0131n kanal s\u0259viyy\u0259si onu q\u0259bul edir. Sonra kanal s\u0259viyy\u0259si paketi \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259sin\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr. Burada paketin son t\u0259yinat m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259si cari yerl\u0259\u015fm\u0259si il\u0259 m\u00fcqayis\u0259 edilir. \u018fg\u0259r onlar \u00fcst-\u00fcst\u0259 d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fcrs\u0259, \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259si paket\u0259\u00a0 yeni aral\u0131q \u00fcnvan t\u0259yin edir v\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcrm\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn onu kanal s\u0259viyy\u0259sin\u0259 qaytar\u0131r. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, h\u0259r paket t\u0259yinat m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259sin\u0259 \u00e7atana q\u0259d\u0259r ma\u015f\u0131ndan ma\u015f\u0131na \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Aral\u0131q dayanacaq yerind\u0259 yaln\u0131z kanal v\u0259 \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259l\u0259ri i\u015fl\u0259yir.<\/p>\n

\u018fg\u0259r \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259si q\u0259rara al\u0131rsa ki, q\u0259bul edil\u0259n paket son t\u0259yinat m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259sin\u0259 \u00e7at\u0131b, onda o, bu paketi n\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259sin\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr. N\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259si \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259sind\u0259n paket ald\u0131qda o, ilkin m\u0259lumat\u0131n seqmentl\u0259rini \u00e7\u0131xar\u0131r v\u0259 g\u00f6nd\u0259rm\u0259 m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259sinin n\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259sinin seqmentl\u0259r\u0259 t\u0259yin etdiyi s\u0131ra n\u00f6mr\u0259l\u0259rinin k\u00f6m\u0259yil\u0259 onu b\u0259rpa edir. M\u0259lumat b\u0259rpa edil\u0259n kimi o, t\u0259tbiqi s\u0259viyy\u0259y\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bununla da m\u0259lumat\u0131n \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si prosesi qurtar\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Daxil olan m\u0259lumat\u0131n hans\u0131 proqram t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n q\u0259bul edilm\u0259sinin m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edilm\u0259si n\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259sinin vacib m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259sidir. H\u0259r proqrama unikal port n\u00f6mr\u0259si t\u0259yin edilir. M\u0259lumat\u0131 g\u00f6nd\u0259r\u0259n proqram m\u0259lumat\u0131n \u00fcnvan\u0131na portun uy\u011fun n\u00f6mr\u0259sini yaz\u0131r. N\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259si m\u0259lumat\u0131 alan kimi onu g\u00f6st\u0259ril\u0259n port n\u00f6mr\u0259si il\u0259 t\u0259tbiqi s\u0259viyy\u0259nin proqram\u0131na \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr. \u0130nternet istifad\u0259\u00e7il\u0259rin\u0259 portlar\u0131n n\u00f6mr\u0259l\u0259rini bilm\u0259k laz\u0131m deyil, \u00e7\u00fcnki geni\u015f yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f proqramlar portlar\u0131n standart n\u00f6mr\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 malik olurlar. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, \u0259g\u0259r veb-brauzer<\/p>\n

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http:\/\/www.rambler.ru\/animals\/cat.html<\/a><\/p>\n

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\u00fcnvanl\u0131 s\u0259n\u0259di a\u00e7mal\u0131d\u0131rsa, o, bilir ki, http:\/\/www.rambler.ru<\/a> HTTP-serveri il\u0259 80 n\u00f6mr\u0259li port vasit\u0259sil\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259 qurmal\u0131d\u0131r. Eynil\u0259, fayl g\u00f6nd\u0259ril\u0259n zaman, FTP-klient port n\u00f6mr\u0259si 21 olan FTP-server\u0259 ba\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bel\u0259likl\u0259, \u0130nternet vasit\u0259sil\u0259 rabit\u0259 proqram t\u0259minat\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rd s\u0259viyy\u0259sinin qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259sin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilir. T\u0259tbiqi s\u0259viyy\u0259 m\u0259lumat v\u0259 \u00fcnvanlarla m\u0259\u015f\u011fuldur. N\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259si m\u0259lumatlar\u0131 \u0130nternet\u0259 uy\u011fun paketl\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7evirir v\u0259 m\u0259lumatlar\u0131 t\u0259tbiqi s\u0259viyy\u0259y\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcrm\u0259zd\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l q\u0259bul edilmi\u015f m\u0259lumatlar\u0131 b\u0259rpa edir. \u015e\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259si m\u0259lumat\u0131n \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259 istiqam\u0259tini t\u0259yin edir. Kanal s\u0259viyy\u0259si \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 daxilind\u0259 paketl\u0259ri ma\u015f\u0131ndan ma\u015f\u0131na \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr. Q\u0259rib\u0259dir ki, bu q\u0259d\u0259r \u0259m\u0259liyyat say\u0131na baxmayaraq, \u0130nternetin cavab verm\u0259 m\u00fcdd\u0259ti millisaniy\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. Faktiki olaraq \u0259m\u0259liyyatlar\u0131n \u0259ks\u0259riyy\u0259ti ani olaraq yerin\u0259 yetirilir.<\/p>\n

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TCP\/IP protokollar\u0131<\/h2>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

A\u00e7\u0131q \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 t\u0259l\u0259bat avadanl\u0131q v\u0259 proqram t\u0259minat\u0131 istehsal\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n dig\u0259r<\/p>\n

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istehsal\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n m\u0259hsullar\u0131 il\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259k \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn istifad\u0259 ed\u0259 bil\u0259c\u0259yi n\u0259\u015fr olunmu\u015f standartlar\u0131n yarad\u0131lmas\u0131 z\u0259rur\u0259tin\u0259 g\u0259tirdi. Standartla\u015fd\u0131rma \u00fczr\u0259 Beyn\u0259lxalq t\u0259\u015fkilat\u0131n i\u015fl\u0259diyi standartlardan biri OSI <\/em><\/strong>(ing. Open System Interconnection <\/em>\u2013 a\u00e7\u0131q sisteml\u0259rin qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259si) adlan\u0131r. O, \u0130nternetd\u0259 istifad\u0259 olunan d\u00f6rd s\u0259viyy\u0259sind\u0259n f\u0259rqli olaraq yeddi s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259n ibar\u0259t iyerarxiyaya \u0259saslan\u0131r. ISO t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n haz\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6r\u0259 bu model\u0259 tez-tez istinad edirl\u0259r. Lakin ondan tez-tez istifad\u0259 etmirl\u0259r, \u00e7\u00fcnki o, \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc \u0130nternet \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn etibarl\u0131 protokol kimi tan\u0131td\u0131ran TCP\/IP protokollar komplektinin art\u0131q d\u0259rc v\u0259 t\u0259tbiq olunmas\u0131ndan sonra yarad\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

TCP\/IP protokollar komplekti \u0130nternet iyerarxiyas\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rd s\u0259viyy\u0259sinin qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 t\u0259sirinin d\u0259qiq t\u0259sviri olan protokollar\u0131n m\u0259cmusudur. H\u0259qiq\u0259td\u0259 TCP <\/em><\/strong>(ing. Transmission Control Protocol <\/em>\u2013 \u00f6t\u00fcrm\u0259ni idar\u0259 ed\u0259n protokol) v\u0259 IP <\/em><\/strong>(ing. Internet Protocol <\/em>– \u0130nternet protokolu) bu y\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131n yaln\u0131z iki protokolunun adlar\u0131d\u0131r. TCP protokolu n\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259li versiyan\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n edir. Burada biz \u00abversiya\u00bb s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc i\u015fl\u0259dirik, \u00e7\u00fcnki TCP\/IP protokollar komplekti n\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259sinin iki m\u00fcmk\u00fcn realizasiya \u00fcsulunu n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259 tutur. N\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259li ikinci protokol UDP <\/em><\/strong>(ing. User Datagram Protocol <\/em>\u2013 istifad\u0259\u00e7inin deytaqramlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259si protokolu) protokoludur. N\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259si protokolunun se\u00e7ilm\u0259si h\u0259r biri ox\u015far, lakin m\u00fcxt\u0259lif keyfiyy\u0259tli xidm\u0259tl\u0259r t\u0259klif ed\u0259n po\u00e7t xidm\u0259tinin se\u00e7ilm\u0259sin\u0259 analojidir. Dem\u0259li, laz\u0131m olan xidm\u0259t keyfiyy\u0259tind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olaraq t\u0259tbiqi s\u0259viyy\u0259li proqram n\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259li TCP v\u0259 ya UDP protokolu vasit\u0259sil\u0259 veril\u0259nl\u0259ri \u00f6t\u00fcrm\u0259yi se\u00e7\u0259 bil\u0259r.<\/p>\n

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TCP v\u0259 UDP protokollar\u0131 aras\u0131nda iki \u0259sas f\u0259rq var. Birinci f\u0259rq ondan ibar\u0259tdir ki, TCP protokolu \u0259sas\u0131nda olan n\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259si t\u0259tbiqi s\u0259viyy\u0259nin t\u0259l\u0259bin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 m\u0259lumat g\u00f6nd\u0259rm\u0259zd\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l m\u0259lumat g\u00f6nd\u0259rm\u0259si bar\u0259d\u0259 x\u0259b\u0259rdarl\u0131q etm\u0259kl\u0259 \u00fcnvan\u0131n n\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259sin\u0259 \u00f6z m\u0259xsusi m\u0259lumat\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6nd\u0259rir. Sonra o, t\u0259tbiqi s\u0259viyy\u0259nin m\u0259lumat\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6nd\u0259rm\u0259y\u0259 ba\u015flamazdan \u0259vv\u0259l bu m\u0259lumat\u0131n q\u0259bulunun t\u0259sdiq edilm\u0259sini g\u00f6zl\u0259yir. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, TCP protokollu n\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259si m\u0259lumat\u0131 g\u00f6nd\u0259rm\u0259kd\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l \u0259laq\u0259ni qurur. \u018fsas\u0131nda UDP protokolu olan n\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259si m\u0259lumat g\u00f6nd\u0259rm\u0259zd\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l \u0259laq\u0259ni qurmur, o, sad\u0259c\u0259 olaraq, g\u00f6st\u0259ril\u0259n \u00fcnvana m\u0259lumat\u0131 g\u00f6nd\u0259rir. Ona h\u0259tta t\u0259yinat m\u0259nt\u0259q\u0259sind\u0259ki kompyuterin i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259sini bilm\u0259k laz\u0131m deyil. Ona g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 UDP protokolu \u0259laq\u0259ni qurmayan protokol <\/em>adlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

TCP v\u0259 UDP protokollar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ikinci f\u0259rq ondan ibar\u0259tdir ki, TCP protokolundan istifad\u0259 etdikd\u0259 t\u0259yinat \u00fcnvan\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcrm\u0259 \u00fcnvan\u0131n\u0131n n\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259l\u0259ri paketl\u0259rin \u00e7atd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 v\u0259 t\u0259krar \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u0259sinin t\u0259sdiq edilm\u0259si vasit\u0259sil\u0259 \u0259min olurlar ki, m\u0259lumat\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn seqmentl\u0259ri t\u0259yinat \u00fcnvan\u0131na m\u00fcv\u0259ff\u0259qiyy\u0259tl\u0259 \u00e7at\u0131blar. Ona g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259 TCP protokolu etibarl\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r. T\u0259krar \u00f6t\u00fcrm\u0259 imkanlar\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259klif etm\u0259y\u0259n UDP protokolu is\u0259 etibarl\u0131 say\u0131lm\u0131r. Bu, o dem\u0259k deyil ki, UDP protokolu pisdir. \u018fslind\u0259 UDP protokolundan istifad\u0259 ed\u0259n n\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259si TCP protokolundan istifad\u0259 ed\u0259n n\u0259qliyyat s\u0259viyy\u0259sind\u0259n c\u0259ld i\u015fl\u0259yir. Dem\u0259li, \u0259g\u0259r proqram UDP protokolundan istifad\u0259 etm\u0259nin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259rinin emal edilm\u0259sin\u0259 haz\u0131rlan\u0131bsa, onda m\u0259hz bu protokolu se\u00e7m\u0259k yax\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, ad\u0259t\u0259n, elektron po\u00e7t TCP protokolu vasit\u0259sil\u0259 \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr, lakin adlar mnemonik formadan IP \u00fcnvana \u00e7evrildikd\u0259 domen adlar\u0131n\u0131n serverl\u0259rl\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ql\u0131 \u0259laq\u0259si UDP protokolu vasit\u0259sil\u0259 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilir.<\/p>\n

IP protokolu \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn standartd\u0131r. H\u0259r d\u0259f\u0259 IP protokollu \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259si kanal s\u0259viyy\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn paket haz\u0131rlayanda o, \u00f6t\u00fcrm\u0259l\u0259rin say\u011fac\u0131 <\/em><\/strong>v\u0259 ya h\u0259yat m\u00fcdd\u0259ti <\/em><\/strong>adlanan qiym\u0259ti ona qo\u015fur. Bu qiym\u0259t \u0130nternet \u00fczr\u0259 paketl\u0259rin g\u00f6nd\u0259rilm\u0259sinin maksimal say\u0131n\u0131 m\u0259hdudla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131r. H\u0259r d\u0259f\u0259 IP protokollu \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259si paket g\u00f6nd\u0259rdikd\u0259 o, \u00f6t\u00fcrm\u0259l\u0259r say\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n qiym\u0259tini bir vahid azald\u0131r. \u015e\u0259b\u0259k\u0259 s\u0259viyy\u0259si \u0130nterneti paketl\u0259rin sistem daxilind\u0259 sonsuz d\u00f6vr\u00fc g\u00f6nd\u0259rilm\u0259sind\u0259n qoruyur. \u0130nternet s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 geni\u015fl\u0259nm\u0259y\u0259 davam ets\u0259 d\u0259, \u00f6t\u00fcrm\u0259l\u0259rin 64-\u0259 b\u0259rab\u0259r olan ilkin say\u011fac qiym\u0259ti paketin lokal, qlobal \u015f\u0259b\u0259k\u0259l\u0259rin v\u0259 mar\u015frutizatorlar\u0131n labirintind\u0259 \u00f6z \u00fcnvan\u0131na \u00e7atmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn kifay\u0259tdir.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

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